R News

CHANGES IN R 4.3.3:

  NEW FEATURES:

    * iconv() now fixes up variant encoding names such as "utf8"
      case-insensitively.

  DEPRECATED AND DEFUNCT:

    * The legacy encoding = "MacRoman" is deprecated in pdf() and
      postscript(): support was incomplete in earlier versions of R.

  BUG FIXES:

    * Arguments are now properly forwarded to methods on S4 generics
      with ... in the middle of their formal arguments. This was broken
      for the case when a method introduced an argument but did not
      include ... in its own formals. Thanks to Herve Pages for the
      report PR#18538.

    * Some invalid file arguments to pictex(), postscript() and xfig()
      opened a file called NA rather than throw an error.  These
      included postscript(NULL) (which some people expected to work
      like pdf(NULL)).

    * Passing filename = NA to svg(), cairo_pdf(), cairo_ps() or the
      Cairo-based bitmap devices opened a file called NA: it now throws
      an error.

    * quartz(file = NA) opened a file called NA, including when used as
      a Quartz-based bitmap device.  It now gives an error.

    * rank(<long vector>) now works, fixing PR#18617, thanks to Ilia
      Kats.

    * seq.int() did not adequately check its length.out argument.

    * match(<POSIXct>, .) is correct again for differing time zones,
      ditto for "POSIXlt", fixing PR#18618 reported by Bastian Klein.

    * drop.terms(*, dropx = <0-length>) now works, fixing PR#18563 as
      proposed by Mikael Jagan.

    * drop.terms(*) keeps + offset(.) terms when it should, PR#18565,
      and drop.terms() no longer makes up a response, PR#18566, fixing
      both bugs thanks to Mikael Jagan.

    * getS3method("t", "test") no longer finds the t.test() function,
      fixing PR#18627.

    * pdf() and postscript() support for the documented Adobe encodings
      "Greek" and "Cyrilllic" was missing (although the corresponding
      Windows' codepages could be used).

    * Computations of glyph metric information for pdf() and
      postscript() did not take into account that transliteration could
      replace one character by two or more (only seen on macOS 14) and
      typically warned that the information was not known.

    * rank(x) no longer overflows during integer addition, when
      computing rank average for largish but not-yet long vector x,
      fixing PR#18630, thanks to Ilia Kats.

    * list.files() on Windows now returns also files with names longer
      that 260 bytes (the Windows limit is 260 characters).
      Previously, some file names particularly with 'East Asian'
      characters were omitted.

    * cov2cor(<0 x 0>) now works, fixing PR#18423 thanks to Mikael
      Jagan and Elin Waring.

    * cov2cor(<negative diagonal>) and similar now give one warning
      instead of two, with better wording, fixing PR#18424 thanks to
      Mikael Jagan.

    * tools:: startDynamicHelp() now ensures port is in proper range,
      fixing PR#18645.

    * pbeta(x, a,b) is correct now for x=0 or 1 in the boundary cases
      where a or b or both are 0, fixing PR#18672 thanks to Michael
      Fay.

    * pmatch(x, table) for large table, also called for data frame row
      selection, dfrm[nm, ], is now interruptible, fixing PR#18656.

    * predict(<rank-deficient lm>, newdata=*) fix computing of nbasis,
      see Russ Lenth's comment 29 in PR#16158.

    * Added a work-around for a bug in macOS 14.3.1 and higher which
      prevents R plots in the Quartz Cocoa device from updating on
      screen.

CHANGES IN R 4.3.2:

  NEW FEATURES:

    * The default initialization of the "repos" option from the
      repositories file at startup can be skipped by setting
      environment variable R_REPOSITORIES to NULL such that
      getOption("repos") is empty if not set elsewhere.

    * qr.X() is now an implicit S4 generic in methods.

    * iconv(to = "ASCII//TRANSLIT") is emulated using substitution on
      platforms which do not support it (notably Alpine Linux).  This
      should give a human-readable conversion in ASCII on all platforms
      (rather than NA_character_).

    * trans3d() gains options continuous and verbose addressing the
      problem of possible "wrap around" when projecting too long
      curves, as reported by Achim Zeileis in PR#18537.

    * tools::showNonASCII() has been rewritten to work better on macOS
      14 (which has a changed implementation of iconv()).

    * tiff(type = "quartz") (the default on macOS) now warns if
      compression is specified: it continues to be ignored.

  INSTALLATION on a UNIX-ALIKE:

    * There is some support for building with Intel's LLVM-based
      compilers on x86_64 Linux, such as (C) icx, (C++) ipcx and
      (Fortran) ifx from oneAPI 2023.x.y.

    * There is support for using LLVM's flang-new as the Fortran
      compiler from LLVM 16.0.x (preferably 17.0.0 or later).

  UTILITIES:

    * R CMD check reports the use of the Fortran 90 random number
      generator RANDOM_NUMBER() and the subroutines to initialize it.

      'Writing R Extensions' has example code to use R's RNGs from
      Fortran.

  BUG FIXES:

    * substr(x, n, L) <- cc now works (more) correctly for multibyte
      UTF-8 strings x when L > nchar(x), thanks to a report and patch
      by 'Architect 95'.

    * contrib.url(character()) now returns 0-length character() as
      documented, which also avoids spurious warnings from
      available.packages() et al. in the edge case of an empty vector
      of repository URLs.

    * readChar(., 4e8) no longer fails, thanks to Kodi Arfer's report
      (PR#18557).

    * lapply(<list>, as.data.frame) no longer warns falsely for some
      base vector components.

    * Communication between parent and child processes in the multicore
      part of parallel could fail on platforms that do not support an
      arbitrarily large payload in system functions read()/write() on
      pipes (seen on macOS where a restriction to INT_MAX bytes is
      documented, without doing a partial read unlike Linux). The
      payload is now split into 1Gb chunks to avoid that problem.
      (PR#18571)

    * qqplot(x,y, conf.level=.) gives better confidence bounds when
      length(x) != length(y), thanks to Alexander Ploner's report and
      patch proposal (PR#18557).

    * norm(<0-length>, "2") now gives zero instead of an error, as all
      the other norm types, thanks to Mikael Jagan's PR#18542.

    * Build-stage Rd macros \packageAuthor and \packageMaintainer now
      process Authors@R, fixing NA results when the package DESCRIPTION
      omits Author and Maintainer fields.

    * Formatting and printing complex numbers could give things like
      0.1683-0i because of rounding error: -0i is now replaced by +0i.

    * postscript() refused to accept a title comment containing the
      letter "W" (PR#18599).

    * isoreg(c(1,Inf)) signals an error instead of segfaulting, fixing
      PR#18603.

    * tiff(type = "Xlib") was only outputting the last page of
      multi-page plots.

    * tools::latexToUtf8() again knows about \~{n} and other letters
      with tilde, fixing a regression in R 4.3.0, and about \^{i} as an
      alternative to \^{\i} (similarly with other accents).
      Furthermore, LaTeX codes for accented I letters are now correctly
      converted, also fixing related mistakes in
      tools::encoded_text_to_latex().

    * tar(*, tar = "internal") no longer creates out-of-spec tar files
      in the very rare case of user or group names longer than 32
      bytes, fixing PR#17871 with thanks to Ivan Krylov.

    * When using the "internal" timezone datetime code, adding a
      fraction of a second no longer adds one second, fixing PR#16856
      from a patch by Ivan Krylov.

    * tools::checkRd() no longer produces spurious notes about
      "unnecessary braces" from multi-line Rd results of \Sexpr macros.

CHANGES IN R 4.3.1:

  C-LEVEL FACILITIES:

    * The C-level API version of R's integrate(), Rdqags() in Applic.h,
      now returns the correct number of integrand evaluations neval,
      fixing PR#18515 reported and diagnosed by Stephen Wade.

    * The C prototypes for LAPACK calls dspgv and dtptrs in
      R_ext/Lapack.h had one too many and one too few character length
      arguments - but this has not caused any known issues. To get the
      corrected prototypes, include

              #include <Rconfig.h> // for PR18534fixed
              #ifdef PR18534fixed
              # define usePR18534fix 1
              #endif
              #include <R_ext/Lapack.h>
      
      in your C/C++ code (PR#18534).

  INSTALLATION:

    * Many of the checks of esoteric Internet operations and those
      using unreliable external sites have been moved to a new target
      that is not run by default and primarily intended for the core
      developers.  To run them use

              cd tests; make test-Internet-dev
      
  BUG FIXES:

    * .S3methods(), typically called from methods(), again marks
      methods from package base as visible.

      Also, the visibility of non-base methods is again determined by
      the method's presence in search().

    * tools::Rdiff() is now more robust against invalid strings, fixing
      installation tests on Windows without Rtools installed
      (PR#18530).

    * Fix (new) bug in hcl.colors(2, *), by Achim Zeileis (PR#18523).

    * head(., <illegal>) and tail(..) now produce more useful "Error in
      ...." error messages, fixing PR#18362.

    * Package code syntax on Windows is checked in UTF-8 when UTF-8 is
      the native encoding.

    * na.contiguous(x) now also returns the first run, when it is at
      the beginning and there is a later one of the same length;
      reported to R-devel, including a fix, by Georgi Boshnakov.
      Further, by default, it modifies only an existing attr(*,"tsp")
      but otherwise no longer sets one.

    * chol(<not pos.def>, pivot = <T|F>) now gives a correct error or
      warning message (depending on pivot), thanks to Mikael Jagan's
      (PR#18541).

CHANGES IN R 4.3.0:

  SIGNIFICANT USER-VISIBLE CHANGES:

    * Calling && or || with LHS or (if evaluated) RHS of length greater
      than one is now always an error, with a report of the form

          'length = 4' in coercion to 'logical(1)'
      
      Environment variable _R_CHECK_LENGTH_1_LOGIC2_ no longer has any
      effect.

  NEW FEATURES:

    * The included BLAS sources have been updated to those shipped with
      LAPACK version 3.10.1.  (This caused some platform-dependent
      changes to package check output.)  And then to the sources from
      LAPACK version 3.11.0 (with changes only to double complex
      subroutines).

    * The included LAPACK sources have been updated to include the four
      Fortran 90 routines rather than their Fortran 77 predecessors.
      This may give some different signs in SVDs or
      eigendecompositions..  (This completes the transition to LAPACK
      3.10.x begun in R 4.2.0.)

    * The LAPACK sources have been updated to version 3.11.0.  (No new
      subroutines have been added, so this almost entirely bug fixes:
      Those fixes do affect some computations with NaNs, including R's
      NA.)

    * The parser now signals _classed_ errors, notably in case of the
      pipe operator |>.  The error object and message now give line and
      column numbers, mostly as proposed and provided by Duncan Murdoch
      in PR#18328.

    * toeplitz() is now generalized for asymmetric cases, with a
      toeplitz2() variant.

    * xy.coords() and xyz.coords() and consequently, e.g., plot(x,y,
      log = "y") now signal a _classed_ warning about negative values
      of y (where log(.) is NA).  Such a warning can be specifically
      suppressed or caught otherwise.

    * Regular expression functions now check more thoroughly whether
      their inputs are valid strings (in their encoding, e.g. in
      UTF-8).

    * The performance of grep(), sub(), gsub() and strsplit() has been
      improved, particularly with perl = TRUE and fixed = TRUE.  Use of
      useBytes = TRUE for performance reasons should no longer be
      needed and is discouraged: it may lead to incorrect results.

    * apropos() gains an argument dot_internals which is used by the
      completion (help(rcompgen)) engine to also see base internals
      such as .POSIXct().

    * Support in tools::Rdiff() for comparing uncompressed PDF files is
      further reduced - see its help page.

    * qqplot(x, y, ...) gains conf.level and conf.args arguments for
      computing and plotting a confidence band for the treatment
      function transforming the distribution of x into the distribution
      of y (Switzer, 1976, _Biometrika_). Contributed by Torsten
      Hothorn.

    * Performance of package_dependencies() has been improved for cases
      when the number of dependencies is large.

    * Strings newly created by gsub(), sub() and strsplit(), when any
      of the inputs is marked as "bytes", are also marked as "bytes".
      This reduces the risk of creating invalid strings and accidental
      substitution of bytes deemed invalid.

    * Support for readLines(encoding = "bytes") has been added to allow
      processing special text files byte-by-byte, without creating
      invalid strings.

    * iconv(from = "") now takes into account any declared encoding of
      the input elements and uses it in preference to the native
      encoding.  This reduces the risk of accidental creation of
      invalid strings, particularly when different elements of the
      input have different encoding (including "bytes").

    * Package repositories in getOption("repos") are now initialized
      from the repositories file when utils is loaded (if not already
      set, e.g., in .Rprofile).  (From a report and patch proposal by
      Gabriel Becker in PR#18405.)

    * compactPDF() gets a verbose option.

    * type.convert() and hence read.table() get new option tryLogical =
      TRUE with back compatible default.  When set to false, converts
      "F" or "T" columns to character.

    * Added new unit prefixes "R" and "Q" for abbreviating
      (unrealistically large) sizes beyond 10^{27} in standard = "SI",
      thanks to Henrik Bengtsson's PR#18435.

    * as.data.frame()'s default method now also works fine with atomic
      objects inheriting from classes such as "roman", "octmode" and
      "hexmode", such fulfilling the wish of PR#18421, by Benjamin
      Feakins.

    * The as.data.frame.vector() utility now errors for wrong-length
      row.names.  It warned for almost six years, with "Will be an
      error!".

    * sessionInfo() now also contains La_version() and reports codepage
      and timezone when relevant, in both print() and toLatex() methods
      which also get new option tzone for displaying timezone
      information when locale = FALSE.

    * New function R_compiled_by() reports the C and Fortran compilers
      used to build R, if known.

    * predict(<lm>, newdata = *) no longer unnecessarily creates an
      offset of all 0s.

    * solve() for complex inputs now uses argument tol and by default
      checks for 'computational singularity' (as it long has done for
      numeric inputs).

    * predict(<rank-deficient lm>, newdata=*) now obeys a new argument
      rankdeficient, with new default "warnif", warning only if there
      are non-estimable cases in newdata.  Other options include
      rankdeficient = "NA", predicting NA for non-estimable newdata
      cases.  This addresses PR#15072 by Russ Lenth and is based on his
      original proposal and discussions in PR#16158 also by David Firth
      and Elin Waring.  Still somewhat experimental.

    * Rgui console implementation now works better with the NVDA screen
      reader when the full blinking cursor is selected.  The underlying
      improvements in cursor handling may help also other screen
      readers on Windows.

    * The drop-field control in GraphApp can now be left with the TAB
      key and all controls can be navigated in the reverse order using
      the Shift+TAB key, improving accessibility of the Rgui
      configuration editor.

    * qnorm(<very large negative>, log.p=TRUE) is now fully accurate
      (instead of to "only" minimally five digits).

    * demo(error.catching) now also shows off withWarnings() and
      tryCatchWEMs().

    * As an experimental feature the placeholder _ can now also be used
      in the rhs of a forward pipe |> expression as the first argument
      in an extraction call, such as _$coef. More generally, it can be
      used as the head of a chain of extractions, such as _$coef[[2]].

    * Spaces in the environment variable used to choose the R session's
      temporary directory (TMPDIR, TMP and TEMP are tried in turn) are
      now fatal.  (On Windows the 'short path' version of the path is
      tried and used if that does not contain a space.)

    * all.equal.numeric() gets a new optional switch giveErr to return
      the numeric error as attribute.  Relatedly,
      stopifnot(all.equal<some>(a, b, ..)) is as "smart" now, as
      stopifnot(all.equal(....)) has been already, thus allowing
      customized all.equal<Some>() wrappers.

    * R on Windows is now able to work with path names longer than 260
      characters when these are enabled in the system (requires at
      least Windows 10 version 1607).  Packages should be updated to
      work with long paths as well, instead of assuming PATH_MAX to be
      the maximum length.  Custom front-ends and applications embedding
      R need to update their manifests if they wish to allow this
      feature.  See
      <https://blog.r-project.org/2023/03/07/path-length-limit-on-windows>
      for more information.

    * 'Object not found' and 'Missing argument' errors now give a more
      accurate error context. Patch provided by Lionel Henry in
      PR#18241.

    * The @ operator is now an S3 generic. Based on contributions by
      Tomasz Kalinowski in PR#18482.

    * New generic chooseOpsMethod() provides a mechanism for objects to
      resolve cases where two suitable methods are found for an Ops
      Group Generic. This supports experimenting with alternative
      object systems. Based on contributions by Tomasz Kalinowski in
      PR#18484.

    * inherits(x, what) now accepts values other than a simple
      character vector for argument what. A new generic, nameOfClass(),
      is called to resolve the class name from what. This supports
      experimenting with alternative object systems. Based on
      contributions by Tomasz Kalinowski in PR#18485.

    * Detection of BLAS/LAPACK in use (sessionInfo()) with FlexiBLAS
      now reports the current backend.

    * The "data.frame" method for subset() now warns about extraneous
      arguments, typically catching the use of = instead of == in the
      subset expression.

    * Calling a:b when numeric a or b is longer than one may now be
      made into an error by setting environment variable
      _R_CHECK_LENGTH_COLON_ to a true value, along the proposal in
      PR#18419 by Henrik Bengtsson.

    * density(x, weights = *) now warns if automatic bandwidth
      selection happens without using weights; new optional warnWbw may
      suppress the warning.  Prompted by Christoph Dalitz' PR#18490 and
      its discussants.

    * rm(list = *) is faster and more readable thanks to Kevin Ushey's
      PR#18492.

    * The plot.lm() function no longer produces a normal Q-Q plot for
      GLMs. Instead it plots a half-normal Q-Q plot of the absolute
      value of the standardized deviance residuals.

    * The print() method for class "summary.glm" no longer shows
      summary statistics for the deviance residuals by default.  Its
      optional argument show.residuals can be used to show them if
      required.

    * The tapply() function now accepts a data frame as its X argument,
      and allows INDEX to be a formula in that case. by.data.frame()
      similarly allows INDICES to be a formula.

    * The performance of df[j] <- value (including for missing j) and
      write.table(df) has been improved for data frames df with a large
      number of columns.  (Thanks to Gabriel Becker's PR#18500,
      PR#18503 and discussants, prompted by a report from Toby Dylan
      Hocking on the R-devel mailing list.)

    * The matrix multiply operator %*% is now an S3 generic, belonging
      to new group generic matrixOps.  From Tomasz Kalinowski's
      contribution in PR#18483.

    * New function array2DF() to convert arrays to data frames,
      particularly useful for the list arrays created by tapply().

  DATES and TIMES:

    * On platforms where (non-UTC) datetimes before 1902 (or before
      1900 as with system functions on recent macOS) are guessed by
      extrapolating time zones from 1902-2037, there is a warning at
      the first use of extrapolation in a session.  (As all time zones
      post 2037 are extrapolation, we do not warn on those.)

    * (Platforms using --with-internal-tzone, including Windows and by
      default macOS). How years are printed in dates or date-times can
      be controlled by environment variable R_PAD_YEARS_BY_ZERO.  The
      default remains to pad to 4 digits by zeroes, but setting value
      no gives no padding (as used by default by glibc).

    * strftime() tries harder to determine the offset for the "%z"
      format, and succeeds on the mainstream R platforms.

    * strftime() has a limit of 2048 bytes on the string produced -
      attempting to exceed this is an error.  (Previously it silently
      truncated at 255 bytes.)

    * sessionInfo() records (and by default prints) the system time
      zone as part of the locale information.  Also, the source
      (system/internal) of the date-time conversion and printing
      functions.

    * Objects of class "POSIXlt" created in this version of R always
      have 11 components: component zone is always set, and component
      gmtoff is set for times in UTC and usually set on the (almost
      all) platforms which have C-level support, otherwise is NA.

    * There are comprehensive validity checks on the structure of
      objects of class "POSIXlt" when converting (including formatting
      and printing).  (This avoids mis-conversions of hand-crafted
      objects.)

    * There is some support for using the native date-time routines on
      macOS: this is only viable on recent versions (e.g. 12.6 and 13)
      and does get wrong some historical changes (before 1900, during
      WWII).  Use of --with-internal-tzone remains the default.

    * as.POSIXct(<numeric>) and as.POSIXlt(.) (without specifying
      origin) now work.  So does as.Date(<numeric>).

    * as.Date.POSIXct(., tz) now treats several tz values, notably
      "GMT" as equivalent to "UTC", proposed and improved by Michael
      Chirico and Joshua Ulrich in PR#17674.

    * Experimental balancePOSIXlt() utility allows using "ragged" and
      or out-of-range "POSIXlt" objects more correctly, e.g., in
      subsetting and subassignments.  Such objects are now documented.

      More experimentally, a "POSIXlt" object may have an attribute
      "balanced" indicating if it is known to be filled or fully
      balanced.

    * Functions axis.Date() and axis.POSIXct() are rewritten to gain
      better default tick locations and better default formats by using
      prettyDate(). Thanks to Swetlana Herbrandt.

    * The mapping of Windows' names for time zones to IANA's 'Olson'
      names has been updated.  When ICU is available (it is by
      default), it is used to get a mapping for the current region set
      in Windows.  This can be overridden by setting environment
      variable TZ to the desired Olson name - see OlsonNames() for
      those currently available.

  GRAPHICS:

    * The graphics engine version, R_GE_version, has been bumped to 16
      and so packages that provide graphics devices should be
      reinstalled.

    * The grDevices and grid packages have new functions for rendering
      typeset glyphs, primarily: grDevices::glyphInfo() and
      grid::grid.glyph().

      Rendering of typeset glyphs is only supported so far on the
      Cairo-based graphics devices and on the pdf() and quartz()
      devices.

    * The defined behaviour for "clear" and "source" compositing
      operators (via grid::grid.group()) has been changed (to align
      better with simple interpretation of original Porter-Duff
      definitions).

    * Support for gradients, patterns, clipping paths, masks, groups,
      compositing operators, and affine transformations has been added
      to the quartz() device.

  INSTALLATION on a UNIX-ALIKE:

    * A system installation of generic LAPACK 3.10.0 or later will be
      preferred to the version in the R sources.

      configure option --with-lapack=no (equivalently --without-lapack)
      forces compilation of the internal LAPACK sources.

      If --with-lapack is not specified, a system liblapack is looked
      for and used if it reports version 3.10.0 or later and does not
      contain BLAS routines.

      Packages using LAPACK will need to be reinstalled if this changes
      to using an external library.

    * On aarch64 Linux platforms using GCC, configure now defaults to
      -fPIC (instead of -fpic), as desired in PR#18326.

    * configure now checks conversion of datetimes between POSIXlt and
      POSIXct around year 2020.  Failure (which has been seen on
      platforms missing tzdata) is fatal.

    * If configure option --with-valgrind-instrumentation is given
      value 1 or 2, option --with-system-valgrind-headers is now the
      default and ignored (with a warning).  It is highly recommended
      that the system headers are installed alongside valgrind: they
      are part of its packaging on some Linux distributions and
      packaged separately (e.g. in the valgrind-devel RPM) on others.
      configure will give a warning if they are not found.

      The system headers will be required in a future release of R to
      build with valgrind instrumentation.

    * libcurl 8.x is now accepted by configure: despite a change in
      major version number it changes neither API nor ABI.

  INSTALLATION on WINDOWS:

    * The makefiles and installer scripts for Windows have been
      tailored to Rtools43, an update of the Rtools42 toolchain.  It is
      based on gcc 12 and newer versions of MinGW-W64, binutils and
      libraries.  At this time R-devel can still be built using
      Rtools42 without changes, but when R-devel is installed via the
      installer, it will by default look for Rtools43.

    * Old make targets rsync-extsoft and 32-bit ones that are no longer
      needed have been removed.

    * Default builds (including for packages) no longer select C99.
      Thus the C standard used is the default for the compiler, which
      for the toolchain in Rtools43 is C17.  (This is consistent with
      Unix builds.)

  PACKAGE INSTALLATION:

    * The default C++ standard has been changed to C++17 where
      available (which it is on all currently checked platforms): if
      not C++14 or C++11 is used if available otherwise C++ is not
      supported.

    * USE_FC_LEN_T is the default: this uses the correct
      (compiler-dependent) prototypes for Fortran BLAS/LAPACK routines
      called from C/C++, and requires adjustment of many such calls -
      see 'Writing R Extensions' ?6.6.1.

    * There is initial support for C++23 as several compilers are now
      supporting -std=c++23 or -std=c++2b or similar.  As for C++20,
      there no additional configure checks for C++23 features beyond a
      check that the compiler reports a __cplusplus value greater than
      that in the C++20 standard.  C++ feature tests should be used.

    * There is support for a package to indicate the version of the C
      standard which should be used to compile it, and for the
      installing user to specify this.  In most cases R defaults to the
      C compiler's default standard which is C17 (a `bug-fix' of C11) -
      earlier versions of R or compilers may have defaulted to C99.

      Current options are:

      USE_C17 Use a standard that is at most C17.  The intention is to
          allow legacy packages to still be installed when later C
          standards become the default, including packages using new
          keywords as identifiers or with K&R-style function
          declarations.  This will use C17 if available, falling back
          to C11.

      USE_C90 Use the C90 (aka C89) standard.  (As that standard did
          not require compilers to identify that version, all we can
          verify is that the compiler does not claim to be using a
          later standard.  It may accept C99 features - for example
          clang accepts // to make comments.)

      USE_C99 Use the C99 standard. This should be rarely needed - it
          avoids the few new features of C11/C17 which can be useful if
          a package assumes them if C17 is specified and they are not
          implemented.

      USE_C23 Use C23 (or in future, later).  Compiler/library support
          for C23 is still being implemented, but LLVM clang from
          15.0.0 and the upcoming GCC 13 have quite extensive support.

      These can be specified as part of the SystemRequirements field in
      the package's DESCRIPTION file or _via_ options --use-C17 and so
      on of R CMD INSTALL and R CMD SHLIB.

      For further details see "Writing R Extensions" ?1.2.5.

    * (Windows) A src/Makefile.ucrt or src/Makefile.win file is now
      included after R_HOME/etcR_ARCH/Makeconf and so no longer needs
      to include that file itself.  Installation of a package with such
      a file now uses a site Makevars file in the same way as a package
      with a src/Makevars.win file would.

    * configure is now passed crucial variables such as CC and CFLAGS
      in its environment, as many packages were not setting them (as
      documented in 'Writing R Extensions' ?1.2).

      This has most effect where configure is used to compile parts of
      the package - most often by cmake or libtool which obfuscate the
      actual compile commands used.

      Also used for configure.win and configure.ucrt on Windows.

  FORTRAN FLAGS:

    * The flag -fno-optimize-sibling-calls is no longer forced for
      gfortran 7 and later.  It should no longer be needed now using
      'hidden' character-length arguments when calling BLAS/LAPACK
      routines from C/C++ is the default even for packages.  (Unless
      perhaps packages call Fortran code from C/C++ without using R's
      headers and without allowing for these arguments.)

  C-LEVEL FACILITIES:

    * The deprecated S-compatibility macros DOUBLE_* in
      R_ext/Constants.h (included by R.h) have been removed.

    * The deprecated legacy typedefs of Sint and Sfloat in header R.h
      are no longer defined, and that header no longer includes header
      limits.h from C nor climits from C++.

    * New macro CAD5R() is provided in Rinternals.h and used in a few
      places in the R sources.

    * ALTREP now supports VECSXP vectors. Contributed by Gabor Csardi
      in PR#17620.

    * The Rcomplex definition (in header R_ext/Complex.h) has been
      extended to prevent possible mis-compilation when interfacing
      with Fortran (PR#18430).  The new definition causes compiler
      warnings with static initializers such as {1, 2}, which can be
      changed to {.r=1, .i=2}.

      Using the new definition from C++ depends on compiler extensions
      supporting C features that have not been incorporated into the
      C++ standards but are available in g++ and clang++: this may
      result in C++ compiler warnings but these have been worked around
      for recent versions of common compilers (GCC, Apple/LLVM clang,
      Intel).

      It is intended to change the inclusion of header R_ext/Complex.h
      by other R headers, so C/C++ code files which make use of
      Rcomplex should include that header explicitly.

  UTILITIES:

    * R CMD check does more checking of package .Rd files, warning
      about invalid email addresses and (some) invalid URIs and noting
      empty \item labels in description lists.

    * R CMD check now also reports problems when reading package news
      in md (file NEWS.md) and (optionally) plain text (file NEWS)
      formats.

    * _R_CHECK_TIMINGS_ defaults to a value from the environment even
      for R CMD check --as-cran; this allows for exceptionally fast or
      slow platforms.

      It now applies to checking PDF and HTML versions of the manuals,
      and 'checking CRAN incoming feasibility'.

    * R CMD check can optionally (but included in --as-cran) check
      whether HTML math rendering _via_ KaTeX works for the package .Rd
      files.

    * Non-interactive debugger invocations can be trapped by setting
      the environment variable _R_CHECK_BROWSER_NONINTERACTIVE_ to a
      true value.  This is enabled by R CMD check --as-cran to detect
      the use of leftover browser() statements in the package.

    * The use of sprintf and vsprintf from C/C++ has been deprecated in
      macOS 13 and is a known security risk.  R CMD check now reports
      (on all platforms) if their use is found in compiled code:
      replace by snprintf or vsnprintf respectively. [*NB:* whether
      such calls get compiled into the package is platform-dependent.]

    * Where recorded at installation, R CMD check reports the C and
      Fortran compilers used to build R.

      It reports the OS in use (if known, as given by osVersion) as
      well as that R was built for.

      It notes if a C++ standard was specified which is older than the
      current default: many packages have used C++11 to mean 'not
      C++98' - as C++11 is the minimum supported since R 4.0.0, that
      specification can probably be removed.

    * R CMD INSTALL reports the compilers (and on macOS, the SDK) used,
      and this is copied to the output of R CMD check.

      Where a C++ standard is specified, it is reported.

    * R CMD check's 'checking compilation flags in Makevars' has been
      relaxed to accept the use of flags such as -std=f2008 in
      PKG_FFLAGS.

    * tools::buildVignettes() has a new argument skip, which is used by
      R CMD check to skip (and note) vignettes with unavailable
      \VignetteDepends (PR#18318).

    * New generic .AtNames() added to enable class-specific completions
      after @. The formerly internal function findMatches() is now
      exported, mainly for use in methods for .DollarNames() and
      .AtNames().

  DEPRECATED AND DEFUNCT:

    * default.stringsAsFactors() is defunct.

    * Calling as.data.frame.<class>() directly (for 12 atomic classes)
      is going to be formally deprecated, currently activated by
      setting the environment variable
      _R_CHECK_AS_DATA_FRAME_EXPLICIT_METHOD_ to non-empty, which also
      happens in R CMD check --as-cran.

  BUG FIXES:

    * Hashed environments with sizes less than 5 can now grow.
      (Reported to R-devel by Duncan Garmonsway.)

    * as.character(<Rd>, deparse = TRUE) failed to re-escape curly
      braces in LaTeX-like text.  (Reported by Hadley Wickham in
      PR#18324.)

    * library() now passes its lib.loc argument when requiring Depends
      packages; reported (with fix) in PR#18331 by Mikael Jagan.

    * R CMD Stangle: improved message about 'Output' files.

    * head(x, n) and tail(x, n) now signal an error if n is not
      numeric, instead of incidentally "working" sometimes returning
      all of x.  Reported and discussed by Colin Fay, in PR#18357.

    * The "lm" method for summary() now gives the correct F-statistic
      when the model contains an offset.  Reported in PR#18008.

    * C() and `contrasts<-`() now preserve factor level names when
      given a function object (as opposed a function name which did
      preserve names). Reported in PR#17616.

    * c(a = 1, 2)[[]] no longer matches 2 but rather signals a
      _classed_ error.  Reported and analysed by Davis Vaughan in
      PR#18367, a duplicate of PR#18004, by Jan Meis et al.  For
      consistency, NULL[[]] is also erroneous now.  x[[]] <- v gives an
      error of the same class "MissingSubscriptError".

    * The relist() function of utils now supports NULL elements in the
      skeleton (PR#15854).

    * ordered(levels = *) (missing x) now works analogously to factor(,
      ordered=TRUE); reported (with fix) by Achim Zeileis in PR#18389.

    * User-defined Rd macro definitions can now span multiple lines,
      thanks to a patch from Duncan Murdoch. Previously, the Rd parser
      silently ignored everything after the first line.

    * Plain-text help (tools::Rd2txt()) now preserves an initial blank
      line for text following description list items.

    * tools::Rd2HTML() and tools::Rd2latex() no longer split \arguments
      and \value lists at Rd comments.

    * tools::Rd2latex() now correctly handles optional text outside
      \items of argument lists as well as bracketed text at the
      beginning of sections, e.g., \value{[NULL]}.

    * as.character(<POSIXt>) now behaves more in line with the methods
      for atomic vectors such as numbers, and is no longer influenced
      by options().  Ditto for as.character(<Date>).  The
      as.character() method gets arguments digits and OutDec with
      defaults _not_ depending on options().  Use of as.character(*,
      format = .) now warns.

    * Similarly, the as.character.hexmode() and *.octmode() methods
      also behave as good citizen methods and back compatibility option
      keepStr = TRUE.

    * The as.POSIXlt(<POSIXlt>) and as.POSIXct(<POSIXct>) default
      methods now do obey their tz argument, also in this case.

    * as.POSIXlt(<Date>) now does apply a tz (time zone) argument, as
      does as.POSIXct(); partly suggested by Roland Fu? on the R-devel
      mailing list.

    * as.Date.POSIXlt(x) now also works when the list components are of
      unequal length, aka "partially filled" or "ragged".

    * expand.model.frame() looked up variables in the wrong environment
      when applied to models fitted without data.  Reported in
      PR#18414.

    * time() now (also) uses the ts.eps = getOption("ts.eps") argument
      and thus by default rounds values very close to the start (or
      end) of a year.  Based on a proposal by Andrei V. Kostyrka on
      R-help.

    * Printing of a factanal() result with just one factor and sort =
      TRUE now works regularly, fixing PR#17863 by Timothy Bates,
      thanks to the 'R Contributors' working group.

    * Printing 0-length objects of class "factor", "roman", "hexmode",
      "octmode", "person", "bibentry", or "citation" now prints
      something better, one of which fixes PR#18422, reported by
      Benjamin Feakins.

    * Sys.timezone() queries timedatectl only if systemd is loaded;
      addressing a report by Jan Gorecki in PR#17421.

    * The formula method of cor.test() had scoping problems when
      environment(formula) was not the calling environment; reported
      with a patch proposal by Mao Kobayashi in PR#18439.

    * attach() of an environment with active bindings now preserves the
      active bindings.  Reported by Kevin Ushey in PR#18425.

    * BLAS detection now works also with system-provided libraries not
      available as regular files.  This fixes detection of the
      Accelerate framework on macOS since Big Sur.  Reported by David
      Novgorodsky.

    * download.file() gives a helpful error message in case of an
      invalid download.file.method option, thanks to Colin Fay's report
      in PR#18455.

    * Sporadic crashes of Rterm when using completion have been fixed.

    * Rprof() is now more reliable.  A livelock in thread
      initialization with too short sampling interval has been fixed on
      macOS.  A deadlock in using the C runtime has been fixed on
      Windows.  A potential deadlock has been prevented on Unix.

    * Cursor placement in Rgui now works even after a fixed-width font
      is selected.

    * Mandatory options (options()) are now set on startup so that
      saving and restoring them always works (PR#18372).

    * Package installation, R CMD INSTALL or install.packages(*), now
      parses each of the <pkg>/R/*.R files individually instead of
      first concatenating and then parse()ing the large resulting file.
      This allows parser or syntax errors to be diagnosed with correct
      file names and line numbers, thanks to Simon Dedman's report and
      Bill Dunlap's patch in PR#17859.

      This _does_ require syntactically self contained R source files
      now, fixing another inadvertent bug.

    * predict.lm(<model with offset>) now finds the offset in the
      correct environment, thanks to Andre Gillibert's report and patch
      in PR#18456.

    * getInitial(<formula>) now finds the selfStart model in the
      correct environment.  (Reported by Ivan Krylov in PR#18368.)

    * Fix for possible segfault when using recently-added graphics
      features, such as gradients, clipping paths, masks, and groups
      with pdf(file=NULL).

    * class(m) <- class(m) no longer changes a matrix m by adding a
      class _attribute_.

    * packageDate(pkg) now only warns once if there is no pkg.

    * When ts() creates a multivariate time series, "mts", it also
      inherits from "array" now, and is.mts() is documented _and_
      stricter.

    * Rd2txt() now preserves line breaks of \verb Rd content and from
      duplicated \cr.  The former also fixes the rendering of verbatim
      output from Rd \Sexpr in plain-text help.

    * uniroot(f, interval) should no longer wrongly converge _outside_
      the interval in some cases where abs(f(x)) == Inf for an x at the
      interval boundary, thanks to posts by Ben Bolker and Serguei
      Sokol on R-devel.

    * Vectorized alpha handling in palette functions such as in gray(),
      rainbow(), or hcl.colors() works correctly now, thanks to Achim
      Zeileis' report and patch in PR#18476.

    * Formatting and print()ing of bibentry objects has dropped the
      deprecated citation.bibtex.max argument, such that the bibtex
      argument's default for print.bibentry() depends directly on the
      citation.bibtex.max option, whereas in format.bibentry() the
      option no longer applies.

    * Attempting to use a character string naming a foreign function
      entry point in a foreign function call in a package will now
      signal an error if the packages has called R_forceSymbols to
      specify that symbols must be used.

    * An error in table() could permanently set options(warn=2)
      promoting all subsequent warnings to errors.

    * The sigma() function gave misleading results for binary GLMs.  A
      new method for objects of class "glm" returns the square root of
      the estimate of the dispersion parameter using the same
      calculation as summary.glm().

    * bs() and ns() in the (typical) case of automatic knot
      construction, when some of the supposedly inner knots coincide
      with boundary knots, now moves them inside (with a warning),
      building on PR#18442 by Ben Bolker.

    * R CMD on Windows now skips the site profile with --no-site-file
      and --vanilla even when R_PROFILE is set (PR#18512, from Kevin
      Ushey).

CHANGES IN R 4.2.3:

  C-LEVEL FACILITIES:

    * The definition of DL_FUNC in R_ext/Rdynload.h has been changed to
      be fully C-compliant.  This means that functions loaded _via_ for
      example R_GetCCallable need to be cast to an appropriate type if
      they have any arguments.

    * .Machine has a new element sizeof.time_t to identify old systems
      with a 32-bit type and hence a limited range of date-times (and
      limited support for dates millions of years from present).

  PACKAGE INSTALLATION:

    * (Windows) The default C++ standard had accidentally been left at
      C++11 when it was changed to C++14 on Unix.

  BUG FIXES:

    * As "POSIXlt" objects may be "partially filled" and their list
      components meant to be recycled, length() now is the length of
      the longest component.

    * as.POSIXlt.Date() could underflow for dates in the far past (more
      than half a million years BCE).

    * as.Date.POSIXlt(x) would return "1970-01-01" instead of NA in R
      4.2.2, e.g., for

              x <- as.POSIXlt(c("2019-01-30","2001-1-1"))
              x$mon <- c(0L, NA); as.Date(x)
      
    * R CMD check failed to apply enabled _R_CHECK_SUGGESTS_ONLY_ to
      examples and vignettes (regression in R 4.2.0).

    * R CMD check did not re-build vignettes in separate processes by
      default (regression in R 4.2.0).

    * Running examples from HTML documentation now restores previous
      knitr settings and options (PR#18420).

    * Quartz: fonts are now located using Core Graphics API instead of
      deprecated ATS which is no longer supported in the macOS 13 SDK
      (PR#18426).  This also addresses an issue where the currently
      used font in the Quartz device context was not correctly
      retained.

    * (Windows) Math symbols in text drawing functions are again
      rendered correctly (PR#18440).  This fixes a regression in R
      4.2.1 caused by a fix in PR#18382 which uncovered an issue in
      GraphApp due to which the symbol charset was not used with TT
      Symbol font face.

    * (Windows) Installing a package with a src/Makefile.{win,ucrt}
      file includes ~/.R/Makevars.win64 in the search for user
      makevars, as documented in "R Installation and Administration"
      and done for packages with a src/Makevars.{win,ucrt} file.

    * format(<POSIXlt_w/_unbalanced_sec>, "....%OS<n>") with n > 0 no
      longer accidentally uses the unbalanced seconds, thanks to
      Suharto Anggono's report (including patch) in PR#18448.

    * solve.default(a, b) works around issues with some versions of
      LAPACK when a contains NA or NaN values.

    * When UseMethod() cannot dispatch, it no longer segfaults
      producing the error message in case of a long class(), thanks to
      Joris Vankerschaver's report (including patch) in PR#18447.

    * When example(foo, ..) produces graphics on an interactive device
      it needs to open itself, it now leaves devAskNewPage() unchanged
      even when it was FALSE, thus fixing a 14 years old '<FIXME>'.

    * packageDescription() again catches errors from encoding
      conversions. This also fixes broken packageVersion() in C locale
      on systems where iconv does not support transliteration.

CHANGES IN R 4.2.2:

  NEW FEATURES:

    * tools::Rdiff(useDiff = TRUE) checks for the presence of an
      external diff command and switches to useDiff = FALSE if none is
      found.  This allows R CMD Rdiff to always work.

    * On Windows, environment variable R_LIBCURL_SSL_REVOKE_BEST_EFFORT
      can be used to switch to only 'best-effort' SSL certificate
      revocation checks with the default "libcurl" download method.
      This reduces security, but may be needed for downloads to work
      with MITM proxies (PR#18379).

    * (macOS) The run-time check for libraries from XQuartz for X11 and
      Tcl/Tk no longer uses otool from the Apple Developer Tools
      (PR#18400).

    * The LaTeX style for producing the PDF manuals, Rd.sty, now loads
      the standard amsmath, amsfonts and amssymb packages for greater
      coverage of math commands in the Rd \eqn and \deqn macros.  The
      \mathscr LaTeX command is also provided (via the mathrsfs
      package, if available, or the amsfonts bundle otherwise),
      fulfilling the wish of PR#18398.

    * (Windows) The default format of readClipboard() and
      writeClipboard() has been changed to 13 (CF_UNICODETEXT).

  INSTALLATION on a UNIX-ALIKE:

    * The PDF manuals (if built) can be compacted by the new target
      make compact-pdf (at the top level or in directory doc/manual).

    * There is now configure support for LLVM clang 15 on Linux, which
      defaults to position-independent (PIE) executables whereas
      gfortran does not.

    * Many small changes to ease compilation (and suppress warnings)
      with LLVM clang 15.

  BUG FIXES:

    * Rscript -e would fail if stdin were closed (Reported by Henrik
      Bengtsson.)

    * qt(*, log.p=TRUE) in outer tails no longer produces NaN in its
      final steps, thus fixing PR#18360.

    * tools::Rd2latex() now escapes hashes and ampersands when writing
      URLs, fixing LaTeX errors with such URLs in \tabular.

    * When isGeneric(f, fdef=*) is used with mismatching names, the
      warning is better understandable; reported (with fix) in PR#18370
      by Gabe Becker.

    * poly(x, n) now works again (and is now documented) when x is a
      "Date" or "POSIXct" object, or of another class while fulfilling
      mode(x) == "numeric".  This also enables poly(x, *, raw=TRUE) for
      such variables.  Reported by Michael Chirico to R-devel.

    * write.table(), write.csv() and write.csv2() restore their
      numerical precision (internal equivalent of digits = 15) after an
      interrupt (PR#18384).

    * One can now read also byte FF from a clipboard connection
      (PR#18385).

    * source("") and source(character()) now give more helpful error
      messages.

    * R CMD check --as-cran set _R_CHECK_TIMINGS_ too late to have the
      intended effect.

    * as.POSIXlt(x) now also works with very large dates x, fixing
      PR#18401 reported by Hannes Muhleisen.

    * Files can now be extracted even from very large zip archives
      (PR#18390, thanks to Martin Jakt).

    * Non-finite objects of class "POSIXlt" are now correctly coerced
      to classes "Date" and "POSIXct"; following up on the extension to
      format() them correctly.

    * Added methods for is.finite(), is.infinite() and is.nan() for
      "POSIXlt" date-time objects.

  BUG FIXES on Windows:

    * Non-ASCII characters are now properly displayed on Windows in
      windows created using GraphApp via e.g. winDialogString thanks to
      a workaround for an at least surprising Windows behavior with
      UTF-8 as the system encoding (PR#18382).

    * Find and replace operations work again in the script editor in
      Rgui on Windows.

    * Computation of window size based on requested client size in
      GraphApp when running in a multi-byte locale on Windows has been
      fixed (regression in R 4.2.0 for users of systems where R 4.1
      used a single-byte locale).  Rgui again respects the number of
      console rows and columns given in Rconsole file.

    * Rterm support for Alt+xxx sequences has been fixed to produce the
      corresponding character (only) once. This fixes pasting text with
      tilde on Italian keyboard (PR#18391).

CHANGES IN R 4.2.1:

  NEW FEATURES:

    * New function utils::findCRANmirror() to find out if a CRAN mirror
      has been selected, otherwise fallback to the main site.  This
      behaves in the same way as tools::CRAN_package_db() and is
      intended for packages wishing to access CRAN for purposes other
      than installing packages.

      The need for this was shown by a day when the main CRAN website
      was offline and a dozen or so packages which had its URL
      hardcoded failed their checks.

  INSTALLATION on a UNIX-ALIKE:

    * The libraries searched for by --with-blas (without a value) now
      include BLIS (after OpenBLAS but before ATLAS).  And on macOS,
      the Accelerate framework (after ATLAS).  (This is patterned after
      the AX_BLAS macro from the Autoconf Archive.)

    * The included LAPACK sources have been updated to 3.10.1.

  UTILITIES:

    * The (full path to) the command tidy to be used for HTML
      validation can be set by environment variable R_TIDYCMD.

    * Setting environment variable _R_CHECK_RD_VALIDATE_RD2HTML_ to a
      false value will override R CMD check --as-cran and turn off HTML
      validation.  This provides a way to circumvent a problematic
      tidy.

      The 2006 version that ships with macOS is always skipped.

  C-LEVEL FACILITIES:

    * The undocumented legacy declarations of Sint, Sfloat, SINT_MAX
      and SINT_MIN in header R.h are deprecated.

  BUG FIXES:

    * fisher.test(d) no longer segfaults for "large" d; fixing PR#18336
      by preventing/detecting an integer overflow reliably.

    * tar(., files=*) now produces correctly the warning about invalid
      UID or GID of files, fixing PR#18344, reported by Martin Morgan.

    * tk_choose.files() with multi = FALSE misbehaved on paths
      containing spaces (PR#18334) (regression introduced in R 4.0.0).

    * sort(x, partial = ind, *) now works correctly notably for the
      non-default na.last = FALSE or TRUE, fixing PR#18335 reported by
      James Edwards.

    * Environment variable _R_CHECK_XREFS_REPOSITORIES_ is only used
      for checking .Rd cross-references in R CMD check (as documented)
      and not for other uses looking for a CRAN mirror.

    * The search for a CRAN mirror when checking packages now uses
      getOption("repos") if that specifies a CRAN mirror, even when it
      does not also specify all three Bioconductor repositories (as was
      previously required).

    * The HTML code generated by tools::Rd2HTML() has been improved to
      pass tidy 5.8.0.

  BUG FIXES on Windows:

    * Writing to a clipboard connection works again, fixing a
      regression in R 4.2.0 (PR#18332).  Re-using a closed clipboard
      connection no longer issues a spurious warning about an ignored
      encoding argument.

    * C function getlocale no longer attempts to query an unsupported
      category from the OS, even when requested at R level, which may
      cause crashes when R 4.2.0 (which uses UCRT) is embedded
      (reported by Kevin Ushey).

    * Accent keys now work in GraphApp Unicode windows, which are used
      by Rgui whenever running in a multibyte locale (so also in UTF-8,
      hence fixing a regression in R 4.2.0 for users of systems where R
      4.1 used a single-byte locale).

    * Completion in Rgui now works also with non-ASCII characters.

    * Rgui no longer truncates usage information with --help.

    * Text injection from external applications via SendInput now works
      in GraphApp Unicode windows, fixing a regression in R 4.2.0 for
      Rgui users of systems where R 4.1 used a single-byte locale but R
      4.2.0 uses UTF-8.

    * Performance of txtProgressBar() in Rgui when running in a
      multi-byte locale has been improved (fixing a performance
      regression in R 4.2.0 for users of systems where R 4.1 used a
      single-byte locale).

    * The script editor in Rgui now works also on systems using UTF-8
      as the native encoding.  Users of the script editor have to
      convert their scripts with non-ASCII characters to UTF-8 before
      reading them in R 4.2.1 or newer (on recent Windows where UTF-8
      is used).  This fixes a regression in R 4.2.0, which prevented
      some operations with scripts when they contained non-ASCII
      characters.

CHANGES IN R 4.2.0:

  SIGNIFICANT USER-VISIBLE CHANGES:

    * The formula method of aggregate() now matches the generic in
      naming its first argument x (resolving PR#18299 by Thomas
      Soeiro).

      This means that calling aggregate() with a formula as a named
      first argument requires name formula in earlier versions of R and
      name x now, so portable code should not name the argument (code
      in many packages did).

    * Calling && or || with either argument of length greater than one
      now gives a warning (which it is intended will become an error).

    * Calling if() or while() with a condition of length greater than
      one gives an error rather than a warning.  Consequently,
      environment variable _R_CHECK_LENGTH_1_CONDITION_ no longer has
      any effect.

    * Windows users should consult the WINDOWS section below for some
      profound changes including

        * Support for 32-bit builds has been dropped.

        * UTF-8 locales are used where available.

        * The default locations for the R installation and personal
          library folder have been changed.

      Thanks to Tomas Kalibera for months of work on the Windows port
      for this release.

  NEW FEATURES:

    * matrix(x, n, m) now warns in more cases where length(x) differs
      from n * m, as suggested by Abby Spurdle and Wolfgang Huber in
      Feb 2021 on the R-devel mailing list.

      This warning can be turned into an error by setting environment
      variable _R_CHECK_MATRIX_DATA_ to TRUE: R CMD check --as-cran
      does so unless it is already set.

    * Function file_test() in package utils gains tests for symlinks,
      readability and writability.

    * capabilities("libxml") is now false.

      The description of capabilities("http/ftp") now reflects that it
      refers to the default method, no longer the internal one.

    * simplify2array() gains an except argument for controlling the
      exceptions used by sapply().

    * Environment variables R_LIBS_USER and R_LIBS_SITE are both now
      set to the R system default if unset or empty, and can be set to
      NULL to indicate an empty list of user or site library
      directories.

    * The warning for axis()(-like) calls in cases of relatively small
      ranges (typically in log-scale situations) is slightly improved
      _and_ suppressed from explicit calls to .axisPars() as has always
      been the intention.

    * The contrasts setter function `contrasts<-` gains an explicit
      default how.many = NULL rather than just using missing(how.many).

    * grid.pretty() gains a new optional argument n = 5.

    * There is a new function .pretty() with option bounds as a
      technical-utility version of pretty().  It and pretty() gain a
      new argument f.min with a better than back-compatible default.

    * Function grDevices::axisTicks() and related functions such as
      graphics::axis() work better, notably for the log scale; partly
      because of the pretty() improvements, but also because care is
      taken e.g., when ylim is finite but diff(ylim) is infinite.

    * nclass.FD() gains a digits option.

    * The R Mathlib internal C function bd0() (called indirectly from a
      dozen probability density and distribution functions such as
      dpois(), dbinom(), dgamma(), pgamma() _etc_) has been
      complemented by a more sophisticated and (mostly) more accurate C
      function ebd0(), currently called only by internal dpois_raw()
      improving accuracy for R level dpois() and potentially others
      calling it such as dnbinom(), dgamma() or pgamma().  (Thanks to
      Morten Welinder's PR#15628.)

    * write.ftable() gains sep = " " argument as suggested by Thomas
      Soeiro.

    * The names of the locale categories supported by R's
      Sys.getlocale() and Sys.setlocale() are now provided by variable
      .LC.categories in the base namespace.

    * The Date and POSIXt methods for hist() and the histogram method
      for plot() now also use the new default col = "lightgray" in
      consistency with the corresponding change to hist()'s default for
      R 4.0.0.

    * hist.default() gains new fuzz argument, and the histogram plot
      method no longer uses fractional axis ticks when displaying
      counts ("Frequency").

    * mapply() and hence Map() now also obey the "max-or-0-if-any"
      recycling rule, such that, e.g., Map(`+`, 1:3, 1[0]) is valid
      now.

    * as.character(<obj>) for "hexmode" or "octmode" objects now
      fulfils the important basic rule as.character(x)[j] ===
      as.character(x[j]).

    * The set utility functions, notably intersect() have been tweaked
      to be more consistent and symmetric in their two set arguments,
      also preserving a common mode.

    * substr(ch, start,end) <- new now e.g., preserves names(ch); ditto
      for substring(), thanks to a patch from Brodie Gaslam.

    * plot(<lm>) gains a extend.ylim.f argument, in partial response to
      PR#15285; further PR#17784 is fixed thanks to several
      contributors and a patch by Elin Waring.  The Cook's dist
      contours get customizable via cook.col and cook.lty with a
      different default color and their legend is nicer by default and
      customizable via cook.legendChanges.

    * Attempting to subset an object that is not subsettable now
      signals an error of class notSubsettableError. The
      non-subsettable object is contained in the object field of the
      error condition.

    * Subscript-out-of-bounds errors are now signaled as errors of
      class subscriptOutOfBoundsError.

    * Stack-overflow errors are now signaled as errors inheriting from
      class stackOverflowError. See ?stackOverflowError for more
      details.

    * New partly experimental Sys.setLanguage() utility, solving the
      main problem of PR#18055.

    * gettext() and gettextf() get a new option trim = TRUE which when
      set to false allows translations for strings such as "Execution
      halted\n" typical for C code.

    * An experimental implementation of hash tables is now available.
      See ?hashtab for more details.

    * identical() gains a extptr.as.ref argument for requesting that
      external pointer objects be compared as reference objects.

    * reorder() gets an argument decreasing which it passes to sort()
      for level creation; based on the wish and patch by Thomas Soeiro
      in PR#18243.

    * as.vector() gains a data.frame method which returns a simple
      named list, also clearing a long standing 'FIXME' to enable
      as.vector(<data.frame>, mode="list").  This breaks code relying
      on as.vector(<data.frame>) to return the unchanged data frame.

    * legend() is now vectorized for arguments cex, x.intersp, and
      text.width.  The latter can now also be specified as a vector
      (one element for each column of the legend) or as NA for
      computing a proper column wise maximum value of strwidth(legend).
      The argument y.intersp can be specified as a vector with one
      entry for each row of the legend.

      legend() also gains new arguments title.cex and title.font.
      Thanks to Swetlana Herbrandt.

    * Deparsing no longer remaps attribute names dim, dimnames, levels,
      names and tsp to historical S-compatible names (which structure()
      maps back).

    * sample() and sample.int() have additional sanity checks on their
      size and n arguments.

      all.equal.numeric() gains a sanity check on its tolerance
      argument - calling all.equal(a, b, c) for three numeric vectors
      is a surprisingly common error.

      mean(na.rm =), rank(na.last =), barplot(legend.text =),
      boxplot(), contour(drawlabels =), polygon(border =) and
      methods::is(class2 =) have more robust sanity checks on their
      arguments.

      R CMD Rd2pdf (used by R CMD check) has a more robust sanity check
      on the format of \alias{} commands.

    * psigamma(x, deriv) for negative x now also works for deriv = 4
      and 5; their underlying C level dpsifn() is documented in
      'Writing R Extensions'.

    * The HTML help system now uses HTML5 (wish of PR#18149).

    * ks.test() now provides exact p-values also with ties and MC
      p-values in the two-sample (Smirnov) case.  By Torsten Hothorn.

    * ks.test() gains a formula interface, with y ~ 1 for the
      one-sample (Kolmogorov) test and y ~ group for the two-sample
      (Smirnov) test.  Contributed by Torsten Hothorn.

    * The return value from ks.test() now has class c("ks.test",
      "htest") - packages using try() need to take care to use
      inherits() and not == on the class.

    * New functions psmirnov(), qsmirnov() and rsmirnov() in package
      stats implementing the asymptotic and exact distributions of the
      two-sample Smirnov statistic.

    * iconv() now allows sub = "c99" to use C99-style escapes for UTF-8
      inputs which cannot be converted to encoding to.

    * In a forward pipe |> expression it is now possible to use a named
      argument with the placeholder _ in the rhs call to specify where
      the lhs is to be inserted.  The placeholder can only appear once
      on the rhs.

    * The included LAPACK sources have been updated to version 3.10.0,
      except for the four Fortran 77 routines which 3.10.0 has
      re-implemented in Fortran 90 (where the older versions have been
      retained as the R build process does not support Fortran 90).

    * path.expand() and most other uses of tilde expansion now warn if
      a path would be too long if expanded.  (An exception is
      file.exists(), which silently returns false.)

    * trunc(<Date>, *) now supports units = "months" or "years" for
      consistency with the POSIXt method, thanks to Dirk Eddelbuettel's
      proposal in PR#18099.

    * list2DF() now checks that its arguments are of the same length,
      rather than use recycling.

    * The HTML help system has several new features: LaTeX-like math
      can be typeset using either KaTeX or MathJax, usage and example
      code is highlighted using Prism, and for dynamic help the output
      of examples and demos can be shown within the browser if the
      knitr package is installed. These features can be disabled by
      setting the environment variable _R_HELP_ENABLE_ENHANCED_HTML_ to
      a false value.

  GRAPHICS:

    * The graphics engine version, R_GE_version, has been bumped to 15
      and so packages that provide graphics devices should be
      reinstalled.

    * The grid package now allows the user to specify a "vector" of
      pattern fills.  The fill argument to gpar() accepts a list of
      gradients and/or patterns and the functions linearGradient(),
      radialGradient(), and pattern() have a new group argument.

      Points grobs (data symbols) can now also have a pattern fill.

      The grobCoords() function now returns a more informative and
      complex result.

    * The grid package has new functions for drawing isolated groups:
      grid.group(), grid.define(), and grid.use().  These functions add
      compositing operators and affine transformations to R's graphics
      capabilities.

      The grid package also has new functions for stroking and filling
      paths: grid.stroke(), grid.fill(), and grid.fillStroke().

      A new function as.path() allows the user to specify the fill rule
      for a path that is to be used for clipping, stroking, or filling;
      available options are "winding" and "evenodd".  A new function
      as.mask() allows the user to specify the type of a mask;
      available options are "alpha" and "luminance".

      These new features are only supported so far (at most) on the
      Cairo-based graphics devices and on the pdf() device.

    * dev.capabilities() reports on device support for the new
      features.

    * par() now warns about unnamed non-character arguments to prevent
      misuse such as {usr <- par("usr"); par(usr)}.

  WINDOWS:

    * R uses UTF-8 as the native encoding on recent Windows systems (at
      least Windows 10 version 1903, Windows Server 2022 or Windows
      Server 1903).  As a part of this change, R uses UCRT as the C
      runtime.  UCRT should be installed manually on systems older than
      Windows 10 or Windows Server 2016 before installing R.

    * The default personal library on Windows, folder R\win-library\x.y
      where x.y stands for R release x.y.z, is now a subdirectory of
      Local Application Data directory (usually a hidden directory
      C:\Users\username\AppData\Local).  Use shell.exec(.libPaths()[1])
      from R to open the personal library in Explorer when it is first
      in the list (PR#17842).

    * R uses a new 64-bit Tcl/Tk bundle.  The previous 32-bit/64-bit
      bundle had a different layout and can no longer be used.

    * Make files and installer scripts for Windows have been tailored
      to Rtools42, the newly recommended 64-bit gcc 10.3 MinGW-W64 UCRT
      toolchain.

    * Rtools42 by default uses the Windows security features ASLR and
      DEP; hence CRAN builds of R and packages also do.

    * R now supports files Makevars.ucrt, Makefile.ucrt, configure.ucrt
      and cleanup.ucrt in packages, which are used in preference to the
      .win variants.  This allows keeping the .win files around to
      support older versions of R.  This feature will be removed in the
      future once support for older versions of R would no longer be
      needed.

    * R.version gains a new field crt (only on Windows) to denote the C
      runtime.  The value is "ucrt".

    * On Windows, download.file(method = "auto") and url(method =
      "default") now follow Unix in using "libcurl" for all except
      file:// URIs.

    * Rtools42 includes an unpatched Msys2 build of GNU tar.  Paths
      including drive letters can be made to work by adding
      --force-local to environment variable TAR_OPTIONS.  (Rtools40 and
      earlier included a patched version which defaulted to this
      option.)

    * Installer builds of R automatically find the Rtools42 software
      collection as well as the compiler toolchain.  No PATH setting is
      required from the user.

    * The default installation directory of R for a user-only
      installation has been changed to the User Program Files directory
      (usually a hidden directory
      C:\Users\username\AppData\Local\Programs) to follow Windows
      conventions.  Use shell.exec(R.home()) from R to open the R
      installation directory in Explorer (PR#17842).

    * R now supports installation-time patching of packages.  Patches
      may be installed from a supplied URL or a local directory or
      disabled.  Patches are included into the installed packages for
      reference.  This experimental feature may be removed in the
      future.

    * libcurl is now required for building from source.

    * The clipboard connection now works also with text in other than
      the current native encoding (PR#18267, with Hiroaki Yutani).
      Text is always pasted to the clipboard in UTF16-LE and the
      encoding argument is ignored.

    * The internal case-changing functions are now used by default on
      Windows - this circumvents problems (for example with E acute) of
      the UCRT Windows' runtime.

    * R on Windows now uses the system memory allocator.  Doug Lea's
      allocator was used since R 1.2.0 to mitigate performance
      limitations seen with system allocators on earlier versions of
      Windows.

    * memory.limit() and memory.size() are now stubs on Windows (as on
      Unix-alikes).

    * Applications embedding R on Windows can now use additional
      callbacks, which have so far only been available only on Unix
      (PR#18286).

  INSTALLATION:

    * Facilities for accessing ftp:// sites are no longer tested
      (except _pro tem_ for curlGetHeaders()) as modern browsers have
      removed support.

    * R can now be built with DEFS = -DSTRICT_R_HEADERS .

  PACKAGE INSTALLATION:

    * R CMD INSTALL no longer tangles vignettes. This completes an R
      CMD build change in R 3.0.0 and affects packages built before R
      3.0.2. Such packages should be re-made with R CMD build to have
      the tangled R code of vignettes shipped with the tarball.

    * USE_FC_LEN_T will become the default: this uses the correct
      prototypes for Fortran BLAS/LAPACK routines called from C/C++,
      and requires adjustment of most such calls - see 'Writing R
      Extensions' ?6.6.1.  (This has been supported since R 3.6.2.)

    * Package installation speed for packages installed with
      keep.source has been improved. This resolve the issue reported by
      Ofek Shilon in PR#18236.

  UTILITIES:

    * R CMD check can optionally report files/directories left behind
      in home, /tmp (even though TMPDIR is set) and other directories.
      See the "R Internals" manual for details.

    * R CMD check now reports byte-compilation errors during
      installation.  These are not usually fatal but may result in
      parts of the package not being byte-compiled.

    * _R_CHECK_DEPENDS_ONLY_ can be applied selectively to examples,
      tests and/or vignettes in R CMD check: see the "R Internals"
      manual.

    * _R_CHECK_SRC_MINUS_W_IMPLICIT_ now defaults to true: recent
      versions of Apple clang on macOS have made implicit function
      declarations in C into a compilation error.

    * R CMD check --as-cran makes use of the environment variable
      AUTORECONF.  See the "R Internals" manual ?8 for further details.

    * R CMD check --use-valgrind also uses valgrind when re-building
      vignettes as some non-Sweave vignettes unhelpfully comment out
      all their code when R CMD check runs vignettes.

    * Errors in re-building vignettes (unless there are LaTeX errors)
      are reported by R CMD check as ERROR rather than WARNING when
      running vignettes has been skipped (as it frequently is in CRAN
      checks and by --as-cran).

    * R CMD Rd2pdf gains a --quiet option that is used by R CMD build
      when building the PDF package manual.

    * R CMD Rd2pdf now always runs LaTeX in batch mode, consistent with
      Texinfo >= 6.7. The --batch option is ignored.

    * R CMD build and R CMD check now include the Rd file name and line
      numbers in the error message of an \Sexpr evaluation failure.

    * For packages using the \doi Rd macro (now an install-time \Sexpr)
      but no other dynamic Rd content, R CMD build now produces a
      smaller tarball and is considerably faster - skipping temporary
      package installation.

    * R CMD check can optionally (but included in --as-cran) validate
      the HTML produced from the packages .Rd files.  See
      <https://blog.r-project.org/2022/04/08/enhancements-to-html-documentation/>:
      this needs a fairly recent version of HTML Tidy to be available.

  C-LEVEL FACILITIES:

    * The non-API header R_ext/R-ftp-http.h is no longer provided, as
      the entry points it covered are now all defunct.

    * A number of non-API declarations and macro definitions have been
      moved from the installed header Rinternals.h to the internal
      header Defn.h. Packages that only use entry points and
      definitions documented to be part of the API as specified in
      'Writing R Extensions' ?6 should not be affected.

    * The macro USE_RINTERNALS no longer has any effect when compiling
      package code.  Packages which also use R_NO_REMAP will need to
      ensure that the remapped names are used for calls to API
      functions that were formerly also made available as macros.

    * The deprecated legacy S-compatibility macros PROBLEM, MESSAGE,
      ERROR, WARN, WARNING, RECOVER, ... are no longer defined in
      R_ext/RS.h (included by R.h).  Replace these by calls to Rf_error
      and Rf_warning (defined in header R_ext/Error.h included by R.h).

      Header R_ext/RS.h no longer includes R_ext/Error.h.

    * Header R_ext/Constants.h (included by R.h) when included from C++
      now includes the C++ header cfloat rather than the C header
      float.h (now possible as C++11 is required).

    * The legacy S-compatibility macros DOUBLE_* in R_ext/Constants.h
      (included by R.h) are deprecated.

    * The deprecated S-compatibility macros SINGLE_* in
      R_ext/Constants.h (included by R.h) have been removed.

    * R_Calloc, R_Free and R_Realloc are preferred to their unprefixed
      forms and error messages now use the prefix. These forms were
      introduced in R 3.4.0 and are available even when
      STRICT_R_HEADERS is defined.

    * rmultinom has been documented in 'Writing R Extensions' ?6 so is
      now part of the R API.

    * Similarly, Rtanpi, called from R level tanpi() is now part of the
      R API.

    * The long-deprecated, undocumented and non-API entry point call_R
      is no longer declared in R_ext/RS.h (included by R.h).

    * The header S.h which has been unsupported since Jan 2016 has been
      removed.  Use R.h instead.

  DEPRECATED AND DEFUNCT:

    * The (non-default and deprecated) method = "internal" for
      download.file() and url() no longer supports http:// nor ftp://
      URIs.  (It is used only for file:// URIs.)

      On Windows, download.file(method = "wininet") no longer supports
      ftp:// URIs.  (It is no longer the default method, which is
      "libcurl" and does.)

      On Windows, the deprecated method = "wininet" now gives a warning
      for http:// and https:// URIs for both download.file() and url().
      (It is no longer the default method.)

    * On Windows, the command-line option --max-mem-size and
      environment variable R_MAX_MEM_SIZE are defunct.  The memory
      allocation limit was important for 32-bit builds, but these are
      no longer supported.

    * default.stringsAsFactors() is now formally deprecated, where that
      was only mentioned on its regular help page, previously.  So it
      now gives a warning if called.

    * unix.time() is defunct now; it had been deprecated since R 3.4.0.

  BUG FIXES:

    * Setting digits = 0 in format(), print.default() (and hence
      typically print()) or options() is again invalid.  Its behaviour
      was platform-dependent, and it is unclear what "zero significant
      digits" should mean (PR#18098).

    * Messages from C code in the cairo section of package grDevices
      are now also offered for translation, thanks to Michael Chirico's
      PR#18123.

    * mean(x) with finite x now is finite also without "long.double"
      capability.

    * R CMD Rd2pdf no longer leaves an empty build directory behind
      when it aborts due to an already existing output file.  (Thanks
      to Sebastian Meyer's PR#18141.)

    * density(x, weights = w, na.rm = TRUE) when anyNA(x) is true, now
      removes weights "in parallel" to x, fixing PR#18151, reported by
      Matthias Gondan.  Additionally, it gets a subdensity option.

    * Conversion of \Sexpr[]{<expR>} to LaTeX or HTML no longer
      produces long blocks of empty lines when <expR> itself contains
      several lines all producing empty output.  Thanks to a report and
      patch by Ivan Krylov posted to R-devel.

    * R CMD build no longer fails if a package vignette uses child
      documents and inst/doc exists.  (Thanks to Sebastian Meyer's
      PR#18156.)

    * When an R documentation ('help' source) file man/foo.Rd in a
      package has \donttest{..} examples with a syntax error, it is now
      signalled as ERROR and with correct line numbers relating to the
      *-Ex.R file, thanks to Duncan Murdoch and Sebastian Meyer's
      reports and patch proposals in PR#17501.

    * Improved determination of the correct translation domain in
      non-base packages, addressing the combination of PR#18092 and
      PR#17998 (#c6) with reports and _augmented_ patch #2904 by
      Suharto Anggono.

      Note that "R-base" is no longer the default domain e.g., for
      top-level calls to gettext(); rather translation needs explicit
      domain = * specification in such cases.

    * identical(attrib.as.set=FALSE) now works correctly with data
      frames with default row names (Thanks to Charlie Gao's PR#18179).

    * txtProgressBar() now enforces a non-zero width for argument char,
      without which no progress can be visible.

    * dimnames(table(d)) is more consistent in the case where d is a
      list with a single component, thanks to Thomas Soeiro's report to
      R-devel.

      Further, table(d1, d2) now gives an error when d1 and d2 are data
      frames as suggested by Thomas in PR#18224.

    * Fix for drawing semi-transparent lines and fills on the native
      Windows graphics device (PR#18219 and PR#16694).  Thanks to Nick
      Ray for helpful diagnosis on Bugzilla.

    * The deparser now wraps sub-expressions such as if(A) ..  with
      parentheses when needed; thanks to Duncan Murdoch's PR#18232 and
      Lionel Henry's patches there.

    * remove.packages() no longer tries to uninstall Priority: base
      packages, thanks to a report and suggestions by Colin Fay in
      PR#18227.

    * win.metafile() now has xpinch and ypinch arguments so that the
      user can override Windows' (potentially wrong) guess at device
      dimensions.

    * x[i] and x[[i]] for non-integer i should now behave in all cases
      as always documented: the index used is equivalent to
      as.integer(i) unless that would overflow where trunc(i) is used
      instead; thanks to Suharto Anggono's report and patch proposals
      in PR#17977.

    * asOneSidedFormula() now associates the resulting formula with the
      global environment rather than the evaluation environment created
      for the call.

    * <bibentry>$name now matches the field name case-insensitively,
      consistent with bibentry() creation and the replacement method.

    * cbind() failed to detect some length mismatches with a mixture of
      time-series and non-time-series inputs.

    * The default LaTeX style file Sweave.sty used by the RweaveLatex
      driver no longer loads the obsolete ae package; thanks to a
      report by Thomas Soeiro in PR#18271.  Furthermore, it now skips
      \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} for engines other than pdfTeX (if
      detected) or if the new [nofontenc] option is used.

    * smooth.spline() now stores its logical cv argument more safely,
      fixing a rare bug when printing, and also stores n.

    * smooth.spline(x,y,*) now computes the cv.crit statistic
      correctly, also when is.unsorted(x), fixing PR#18294.

    * The data.frame method of rbind() now warns when binding
      not-wholly-recycling vectors, by analogy to the default method
      (for matrices).

    * setAs() finds the correct class for name to when multiple
      packages define a class with that name. Thanks to Gabor Csardi
      for the report.

    * Fix for detaching a package when two classes of the same name are
      present in method signatures for the same generic. Thanks to
      Gabor Csardi for the report.

    * match.arg("", c("", "a", "B")) gives a better error message, in
      part from PR#17959, thanks to Elin Waring.

    * R CMD Sweave --clean no longer removes pre-existing files or
      subdirectories (PR#18242).

    * The quartz() device no longer splits polylines into subpaths.
      That has caused narrowly-spaced lines with many points to always
      look solid even when dashed line type was used due to dash phase
      restarts.

    * Deparsing constructs such as quote(1 + `!`(2) + 3) works again as
      before R 3.5.0, thanks to the report and patch in PR#18284 by
      Suharto Anggono.

    * as.list(f) for a factor f now keeps names(f), fixing PR#18309.

    * qbeta(.001, .9, .009) and analogous qf() calls now return a
      correct value instead of NaN or wrongly 1, all with a warning;
      thanks to the report by Ludger Goeminne in PR#18302.

    * plot.lm() failed to produce the plot of residuals vs.  factor
      levels (i.e., which=5 when leverages are constant) for models
      with character predictors (PR#17840).

    * interaction.plot(..., xtick = TRUE) misplaced the x-axis line
      (PR#18305).

    * Not strictly fixing a bug, format()ing and print()ing of
      non-finite Date and POSIXt values NaN and +/-Inf no longer show
      as NA but the respective string, e.g., Inf, for consistency with
      numeric vector's behaviour, fulfilling the wish of PR#18308.

    * R CMD check no longer runs test scripts generated from
      corresponding .Rin files twice and now signals an ERROR if
      processing an .Rin script fails.

    * tools::Rd2txt() used for plain-text help pages now renders \hrefs
      (if tools::Rd2txt_options(showURLs = TRUE)) and \urls with
      percent-encoding and standards-compliant delimiting style (angle
      brackets and no URL: prefix).  \email is now rendered with a
      mailto: prefix.

CHANGES IN R 4.1.3:

  NEW FEATURES:

    * The default version of Bioconductor has been changed to 3.14.
      (This is used by setRepositories and the menus in GUIs.)

  UTILITIES:

    * R CMD check --as-cran has a workaround for a bug in versions of
      file up to at least 5.41 which mis-identify DBF files last
      changed in 2022 as executables.

  C-LEVEL FACILITIES:

    * The legacy S-compatibility macros SINGLE_* in R_ext/Constants.h
      (included by R.h) are deprecated and will be removed in R 4.2.0.

  BUG FIXES:

    * Initialization of self-starting nls() models with initialization
      functions following the pre-R-4.1.0 API (without the ...
      argument) works again for now, with a deprecation warning.

    * Fixed quoting of ~autodetect~ in Java setting defaults to avoid
      inadvertent user lookup due to leading ~, reported in PR#18231 by
      Harold Gutch.

    * substr(., start, stop) <- v now treats _negative_ stop values
      correctly.  Reported with a patch in PR#18228 by Brodie Gaslam.

    * Subscripting an array x without dimnames by a
      length(dim(x))-column character matrix gave "random" non-sense,
      now an error; reported in PR#18244 by Mikael Jagan.

    * ...names() now matches names(list(...)) closely, fixing PR#18247.

    * all.equal(*, scale = s) now works as intended when length(s) > 1,
      partly thanks to Michael Chirico's PR#18272.

    * print(x) for long vectors x now also works for named atomic
      vectors or lists and prints the correct number when reaching the
      getOption("max.print") limit; partly thanks to a report and
      proposal by Hugh Parsonage to the R-devel list.

    * all.equal(<selfStart>, *) no longer signals a deprecation
      warning.

    * reformulate(*, response=r) gives a helpful error message now when
      length(r) > 1, thanks to Bill Dunlap's PR#18281.

    * Modifying globalCallingHandlers inside withCallingHandlers() now
      works or fails correctly, thanks to Henrik Bengtsson's PR#18257.

    * hist(<Date>, breaks = "days") and hist(<POSIXt>, breaks = "secs")
      no longer fail for inputs of length 1.

    * qbeta(.001, .9, .009) and similar cases now converge correctly
      thanks to Ben Bolker's report in PR#17746.

    * window(x, start, end) no longer wrongly signals "'start' cannot
      be after 'end'", fixing PR#17527 and PR#18291.

    * data() now checks that its (rarely used) list argument is a
      character vector - a couple of packages passed other types and
      gave incorrect results.

    * which() now checks its arr.ind argument is TRUE rather coercing
      to logical and taking the first element - which gave incorrect
      results in package code.

    * model.weights() and model.offset() more carefully extract their
      model components, thanks to Ben Bolker and Tim Taylor's R-devel
      post.

    * list.files(recursive = TRUE) now shows all broken symlinks
      (previously, some of them may have been omitted, PR#18296).

CHANGES IN R 4.1.2:

  C-LEVEL FACILITIES:

    * The workaround in headers R.h and Rmath.h (using namespace std;)
      for the Oracle Developer Studio compiler is no longer needed now
      C++11 is required so has been removed.  A couple more usages of
      log() (which should have been std::log()) with an int argument
      are reported on Solaris.

    * The undocumented limit of 4095 bytes on messages from the
      S-compatibility macros PROBLEM and MESSAGE is now documented and
      longer messages will be silently truncated rather than
      potentially causing segfaults.

    * If the R_NO_SEGV_HANDLER environment variable is non-empty, the
      signal handler for SEGV/ILL/BUS signals (which offers recovery
      user interface) is not set. This allows more reliable debugging
      of crashes that involve the console.

  DEPRECATED AND DEFUNCT:

    * The legacy S-compatibility macros PROBLEM, MESSAGE, ERROR, WARN,
      WARNING, RECOVER, ... are deprecated and will be hidden in R
      4.2.0. R's native interface of Rf_error and Rf_warning has long
      been preferred.

  BUG FIXES:

    * .mapply(F, dots, .) no longer segfaults when dots is not a list
      and uses match.fun(F) as always documented; reported by Andrew
      Simmons in PR#18164.

    * hist(<Date>, ...) and hist(<POSIXt>, ...)  no longer pass
      arguments for rect() (such as col and density) to axis().
      (Thanks to Sebastian Meyer's PR#18171.)

    * \Sexpr{ch} now preserves Encoding(ch). (Thanks to report and
      patch by Jeroen Ooms in PR#18152.)

    * Setting the RNG to "Marsaglia-Multicarry" e.g., by RNGkind(), now
      warns in more places, thanks to Andre Gillibert's report and
      patch in PR#18168.

    * gray(numeric(), alpha=1/2) no longer segfaults, fixing PR#18183,
      reported by Till Krenz.

    * Fixed dnbinom(x, size=<very_small>, .., log=TRUE) regression,
      reported by Martin Morgan.

    * as.Date.POSIXlt(x) now keeps names(x), thanks to Davis Vaughan's
      report and patch in PR#18188.

    * model.response() now strips an "AsIs" class typically, thanks to
      Duncan Murdoch's report and other discussants in PR#18190.

    * try() is considerably faster in case of an error and long call,
      as e.g., from some do.call().  Thanks to Alexander Kaever's
      suggestion posted to R-devel.

    * qqline(y = <object>) such as y=I(.), now works, see also
      PR#18190.

    * Non-integer mgp par() settings are now handled correctly in
      axis() and mtext(), thanks to Mikael Jagan and Duncan Murdoch's
      report and suggestion in PR#18194.

    * formatC(x) returns length zero character() now, rather than ""
      when x is of length zero, as documented, thanks to Davis
      Vaughan's post to R-devel.

    * removeSource(fn) now retains (other) attributes(fn).

CHANGES IN R 4.1.1:

  NEW FEATURES:

    * require(pkg, quietly = TRUE) is quieter and in particular does
      not warn if the package is not found.

  DEPRECATED AND DEFUNCT:

    * Use of ftp:// URIs should be regarded as deprecated, with
      on-going support confined to method = "libcurl" and not routinely
      tested.  (Nowadays no major browser supports them.)

    * The non-default method = "internal" is deprecated for http:// and
      ftp:// URIs for both download.file and url.

    * On Windows, method = "wininet" is deprecated for http://,
      https:// and ftp:// URIs for both download.file and url.  (A
      warning is only given for ftp://.)

      For ftp:// URIs the default method is now "libcurl" if available
      (which it is on CRAN builds).

      method = "wininet" remains the default for http:// and https://
      URIs but if libcurl is available, using method = "libcurl" is
      preferred.

  INSTALLATION:

    * make check now works also without a LaTeX installation.  (Thanks
      to Sebastian Meyer's PR#18103.)

  BUG FIXES:

    * make check-devel works again in an R build configured with
      --without-recommended-packages.

    * qnbinom(p, size, mu) for large size/mu is correct now in a range
      of cases (PR#18095); similarly for the (size, prob)
      parametrization of the negative binomial.  Also qpois() and
      qbinom() are better and or faster for extreme cases.  The
      underlying C code has been modularized and is common to all four
      cases of discrete distributions.

    * gap.axis is now part of the axis() arguments which are passed
      from bxp(), and hence boxplot().  (Thanks to Martin Smith's
      report and suggestions in PR#18109.)

    * .First and .Last can again be set from the site profile.

    * seq.int(from, to, *) and seq.default(..) now work better in large
      range cases where from-to is infinite where the two boundaries
      are finite.

    * all.equal(x,y) now returns TRUE correctly also when several
      entries of abs(x) and abs(y) are close to .Machine$double.xmax,
      the largest finite numeric.

    * model.frame() now clears the object bit when removing the class
      attribute of a value via na.action (PR#18100).

    * charClass() now works with multi-character strings on Windows
      (PR#18104, fixed by Bill Dunlap).

    * encodeString() on Solaris now works again in Latin-1 encoding on
      characters represented differently in UTF-8.  Support for
      surrogate pairs on Solaris has been improved.

    * file.show() on Windows now works with non-ASCII path names
      representable in the current native encoding (PR#18132).

    * Embedded R on Windows can now find R home directory via the
      registry even when installed only for the current user
      (PR#18135).

    * pretty(x) with finite x now returns finite values also in the
      case where the extreme x values are close in size to the maximal
      representable number .Machine$double.xmax.

      Also, it's been tweaked for very small ranges and when a boundary
      is close (or equal) to zero; e.g., pretty(c(0,1e-317)) no longer
      has negative numbers, currently still warning about a very small
      range, and pretty(2^-(1024 - 2^-1/(c(24,10)))) is more accurate.

    * The error message for not finding vignette files when weaving has
      correct file sizes now. (Thanks to Sebastian Meyer's PR#18154.)

    * dnbinom(20, <large>, 1) now correctly gives 0, and similar cases
      are more accurate with underflow precaution.  (Reported by
      Francisco Vera Alcivar in PR#18072.)

CHANGES IN R 4.1.0:

  FUTURE DIRECTIONS:

    * It is planned that the 4.1.x series will be the last to support
      32-bit Windows, with production of binary packages for that
      series continuing until early 2023.

  SIGNIFICANT USER-VISIBLE CHANGES:

    * Data set esoph in package datasets now provides the correct
      numbers of controls; previously it had the numbers of cases added
      to these.  (Reported by Alexander Fowler in PR#17964.)

  NEW FEATURES:

    * www.omegahat.net is no longer one of the repositories known by
      default to setRepositories().  (Nowadays it only provides source
      packages and is often unavailable.)

    * Function package_dependencies() (in package tools) can now use
      different dependency types for direct and recursive dependencies.

    * The checking of the size of tarball in R CMD check --as-cran
      <pkg> may be tweaked via the new environment variable
      _R_CHECK_CRAN_INCOMING_TARBALL_THRESHOLD_, as suggested in
      PR#17777 by Jan Gorecki.

    * Using c() to combine a factor with other factors now gives a
      factor, an ordered factor when combining ordered factors with
      identical levels.

    * apply() gains a simplify argument to allow disabling of
      simplification of results.

    * The format() method for class "ftable" gets a new option justify.
      (Suggested by Thomas Soeiro.)

    * New ...names() utility.  (Proposed by Neal Fultz in PR#17705.)

    * type.convert() now warns when its as.is argument is not
      specified, as the help file always said it _should_.  In that
      case, the default is changed to TRUE in line with its change in
      read.table() (related to stringsAsFactors) in R 4.0.0.

    * When printing list arrays, classed objects are now shown _via_
      their format() value if this is a short enough character string,
      or by giving the first elements of their class vector and their
      length.

    * capabilities() gets new entry "Rprof" which is TRUE when R has
      been configured with the equivalent of --enable-R-profiling (as
      it is by default).  (Related to Michael Orlitzky's report
      PR#17836.)

    * str(xS4) now also shows extraneous attributes of an S4 object
      xS4.

    * Rudimentary support for vi-style tags in rtags() and R CMD rtags
      has been added.  (Based on a patch from Neal Fultz in PR#17214.)

    * checkRdContents() is now exported from tools; it and also
      checkDocFiles() have a new option chkInternal allowing to check
      Rd files marked with keyword "internal" as well.  The latter can
      be activated for R CMD check via environment variable
      _R_CHECK_RD_INTERNAL_TOO_.

    * New functions numToBits() and numToInts() extend the raw
      conversion utilities to (double precision) numeric.

    * Functions URLencode() and URLdecode() in package utils now work
      on vectors of URIs.  (Based on patch from Bob Rudis submitted
      with PR#17873.)

    * path.expand() can expand ~user on most Unix-alikes even when
      readline is not in use.  It tries harder to expand ~, for example
      should environment variable HOME be unset.

    * For HTML help (both dynamic and static), Rd file links to help
      pages in external packages are now treated as references to
      topics rather than file names, and fall back to a file link only
      if the topic is not found in the target package. The earlier rule
      which prioritized file names over topics can be restored by
      setting the environment variable _R_HELP_LINKS_TO_TOPICS_ to a
      false value.

    * c() now removes NULL arguments before dispatching to methods,
      thus simplifying the implementation of c() methods, _but_ for
      back compatibility keeps NULL when it is the first argument.
      (From a report and patch proposal by Lionel Henry in PR#17900.)

    * Vectorize()'s result function's environment no longer keeps
      unneeded objects.

    * Function ...elt() now propagates visibility consistently with
      ..n.  (Thanks to Lionel Henry's PR#17905.)

    * capture.output() no longer uses non-standard evaluation to
      evaluate its arguments.  This makes evaluation of functions like
      parent.frame() more consistent.  (Thanks to Lionel Henry's
      PR#17907.)

    * packBits(bits, type="double") now works as inverse of
      numToBits().  (Thanks to Bill Dunlap's proposal in PR#17914.)

    * curlGetHeaders() has two new arguments, timeout to specify the
      timeout for that call (overriding getOption("timeout")) and TLS
      to specify the minimum TLS protocol version to be used for
      https:// URIs (_inter alia_ providing a means to check for sites
      using deprecated TLS versions 1.0 and 1.1).

    * For nls(), an optional constant scaleOffset may be added to the
      denominator of the relative offset convergence test for cases
      where the fit of a model is expected to be exact, thanks to a
      proposal by John Nash.  nls(*, trace=TRUE) now also shows the
      convergence criterion.

    * Numeric differentiation _via_ numericDeriv() gets new optional
      arguments eps and central, the latter for taking central divided
      differences.  The latter can be activated for nls() via
      nls.control(nDcentral = TRUE).

    * nls() now passes the trace and control arguments to getInitial(),
      notably for all self-starting models, so these can also be fit in
      zero-noise situations via a scaleOffset.  For this reason, the
      initial function of a selfStart model must now have ... in its
      argument list.

    * bquote(splice = TRUE) can now splice expression vectors with
      attributes: this makes it possible to splice the result of
      parse(keep.source = TRUE).  (Report and patch provided by Lionel
      Henry in PR#17869.)

    * textConnection() gets an optional name argument.

    * get(), exists(), and get0() now signal an error if the first
      argument has length greater than 1.  Previously additional
      elements were silently ignored.  (Suggested by Antoine Fabri on
      R-devel.)

    * R now provides a shorthand notation for creating functions, e.g.
      \(x) x + 1 is parsed as function(x) x + 1.

    * R now provides a simple native forward pipe syntax |>.  The
      simple form of the forward pipe inserts the left-hand side as the
      first argument in the right-hand side call.  The pipe
      implementation as a syntax transformation was motivated by
      suggestions from Jim Hester and Lionel Henry.

    * all.equal(f, g) for functions now by default also compares their
      environment(.)s, notably via new all.equal method for class
      function.  Comparison of nls() fits, e.g., may now need
      all.equal(m1, m2, check.environment = FALSE).

    * .libPaths() gets a new option include.site, allowing to _not_
      include the site library.  (Thanks to Dario Strbenac's suggestion
      and Gabe Becker's PR#18016.)

    * Lithuanian translations are now available.  (Thanks to Rimantas
      Zakauskas.)

    * names() now works for DOTSXP objects.  On the other hand, in
      R-lang, the R language manual, we now warn against relying on the
      structure or even existence of such dot-dot-dot objects.

    * all.equal() no longer gives an error on DOTSXP objects.

    * capabilities("cairo") now applies only to the file-based devices
      as it is now possible (if very unusual) to build R with Cairo
      support for those but not for X11().

    * There is optional support for tracing the progress of
      loadNamespace() - see its help.

    * (Not Windows.)  l10n_info() reports an additional element, the
      name of the encoding as reported by the OS (which may differ from
      the encoding part (if any) of the result from
      Sys.getlocale("LC_CTYPE")).

    * New function gregexec() which generalizes regexec() to find _all_
      disjoint matches and all substrings corresponding to
      parenthesized subexpressions of the given regular expression.
      (Contributed by Brodie Gaslam.)

    * New function charClass() in package utils to query the
      wide-character classification functions in use (such as
      iswprint).

    * The names of quantile()'s result no longer depend on the global
      getOption("digits"), but quantile() gets a new optional argument
      digits = 7 instead.

    * grep(), sub(), regexp and variants work considerably faster for
      long factors with few levels.  (Thanks to Michael Chirico's
      PR#18063.)

    * Provide grouping of x11() graphics windows within a window
      manager such as Gnome or Unity; thanks to a patch by Ivan Krylov
      posted to R-devel.

    * The split() method for class data.frame now allows the f argument
      to be specified as a formula.

    * sprintf now warns on arguments unused by the format string.

    * New palettes "Rocket" and "Mako" for hcl.colors() (approximating
      palettes of the same name from the viridisLite package).

      Contributed by Achim Zeileis.

    * The base environment and its namespace are now locked (so one can
      no longer add bindings to these or remove from these).

    * Rterm handling of multi-byte characters has been improved,
      allowing use of such characters when supported by the current
      locale.

    * Rterm now accepts ALT+ +xxxxxxxx sequences to enter Unicode
      characters as hex digits.

    * Environment variable LC_ALL on Windows now takes precedence over
      LC_CTYPE and variables for other supported categories, matching
      the POSIX behaviour.

    * duplicated() and anyDuplicated() are now optimized for integer
      and real vectors that are known to be sorted via the ALTREP
      framework. Contributed by Gabriel Becker via PR#17993.

  GRAPHICS:

    * The graphics engine version, R_GE_version, has been bumped to 14
      and so packages that provide graphics devices should be
      reinstalled.

    * Graphics devices should now specify deviceVersion to indicate
      what version of the graphics engine they support.

    * Graphics devices can now specify deviceClip.  If TRUE, the
      graphics engine will never perform any clipping of output itself.

      The clipping that the graphics engine does perform (for both
      canClip = TRUE and canClip = FALSE) has been improved to avoid
      producing unnecessary artifacts in clipped output.

    * The grid package now allows gpar(fill) to be a linearGradient(),
      a radialGradient(), or a pattern().  The viewport(clip) can now
      also be a grob, which defines a clipping path, and there is a new
      viewport(mask) that can also be a grob, which defines a mask.

      These new features are only supported so far on the Cairo-based
      graphics devices and on the pdf() device.

    * (Not Windows.)  A warning is given when a Cairo-based type is
      specified for a png(), jpeg(), tiff() or bmp() device but Cairo
      is unsupported (so type = "Xlib" is tried instead).

    * grSoftVersion() now reports the versions of FreeType and
      FontConfig if they are used directly (not _via_ Pango), as is
      most commonly done on macOS.

  C-LEVEL FACILITIES:

    * The _standalone_ libRmath math library and R's C API now provide
      log1pexp() again as documented, and gain log1mexp().

  INSTALLATION on a UNIX-ALIKE:

    * configure checks for a program pkgconf if program pkg-config is
      not found.  These are now only looked for on the path (like
      almost all other programs) so if needed specify a full path to
      the command in PKG_CONFIG, for example in file config.site.

    * C99 function iswblank is required - it was last seen missing ca
      2003 so the workaround has been removed.

    * There are new configure options --with-internal-iswxxxxx,
      --with-internal-towlower and --with-internal-wcwidth which allows
      the system functions for wide-character classification,
      case-switching and width (wcwidth and wcswidth) to be replaced by
      internal ones.  The first has long been used on macOS, AIX (and
      Windows) but this enables it to be unselected there and selected
      for other platforms (it is the new default on Solaris).  The
      second is new in this version of R and is selected by default on
      macOS and Solaris.  The third has long been the default and
      remains so as it contains customizations for East Asian
      languages.

      System versions of these functions are often minimally
      implemented (sometimes only for ASCII characters) and may not
      cover the full range of Unicode points: for example Solaris (and
      Windows) only cover the Basic Multilingual Plane.

    * Cairo installations without X11 are more likely to be detected by
      configure, when the file-based Cairo graphics devices will be
      available but not X11(type = "cairo").

    * There is a new configure option --with-static-cairo which is the
      default on macOS.  This should be used when only static cairo
      (and where relevant, Pango) libraries are available.

    * Cairo-based graphics devices on platforms without Pango but with
      FreeType/FontConfig will make use of the latter for font
      selection.

  LINK-TIME OPTIMIZATION on a UNIX-ALIKE:

    * Configuring with flag --enable-lto=R now also uses LTO when
      installing the recommended packages.

    * R CMD INSTALL and R CMD SHLIB have a new flag --use-LTO to use
      LTO when compiling code, for use with R configured with
      --enable-lto=R.  For R configured with --enable-lto, they have
      the new flag --no-use-LTO.

      Packages can opt in or out of LTO compilation _via_ a UseLTO
      field in the DESCRIPTION file.  (As usual this can be overridden
      by the command-line flags.)

  BUILDING R on Windows:

    * for GCC >= 8, FC_LEN_T is defined in config.h and hence character
      lengths are passed from C to Fortran in _inter alia_ BLAS and
      LAPACK calls.

    * There is a new text file src/gnuwin32/README.compilation, which
      outlines how C/Fortran code compilation is organized and
      documents new features:

        * R can be built with Link-Time Optimization with a suitable
          compiler - doing so with GCC 9.2 showed several
          inconsistencies which have been corrected.

        * There is support for cross-compiling the C and Fortran code
          in R and standard packages on suitable (Linux) platforms.
          This is mainly intended to allow developers to test later
          versions of compilers - for example using GCC 9.2 or 10.x has
          detected issues that GCC 8.3 in Rtools40 does not.

        * There is experimental support for cross-building R packages
          with C, C++ and/or Fortran code.

    * The R installer can now be optionally built to support a single
      architecture (only 64-bit or only 32-bit).

  PACKAGE INSTALLATION:

    * The default C++ standard has been changed to C++14 where
      available (which it is on all currently checked platforms): if
      not (as before) C++11 is used if available otherwise C++ is not
      supported.

      Packages which specify C++11 will still be installed using C++11.

      C++14 compilers may give deprecation warnings, most often for
      std::random_shuffle (deprecated in C++14 and removed in C++17).
      Either specify C++11 (see 'Writing R Extensions') or modernize
      the code and if needed specify C++14.  The latter has been
      supported since R 3.4.0 so the package's DESCRIPTION would need
      to include something like

           Depends: R (>= 3.4)
      
  PACKAGE INSTALLATION on Windows:

    * R CMD INSTALL and R CMD SHLIB make use of their flag --use-LTO
      when the LTO_OPT make macro is set in file etc/${R_ARCH}/Makeconf
      or in a personal/site Makevars file.  (For details see 'Writing R
      Extensions' ?4.5.)

      This provides a valuable check on code consistency.  It does work
      with GCC 8.3 as in Rtools40, but that does not detect everything
      the CRAN checks with current GCC do.

  PACKAGE INSTALLATION on macOS:

    * The default personal library directory on builds with
      --enable-aqua (including CRAN builds) now differs by CPU type,
      one of

            ~/Library/R/x86_64/x.y/library
            ~/Library/R/arm64/x.y/library
      
      This uses the CPU type R (and hence the packages) were built for,
      so when a x86_64 build of R is run under Rosetta emulation on an
      arm64 Mac, the first is used.

  UTILITIES:

    * R CMD check can now scan package functions for bogus return
      statements, which were possibly intended as return() calls (wish
      of PR#17180, patch by Sebastian Meyer). This check can be
      activated via the new environment variable
      _R_CHECK_BOGUS_RETURN_, true for --as-cran.

    * R CMD build omits tarballs and binaries of previous builds from
      the top-level package directory.  (PR#17828, patch by Sebastian
      Meyer.)

    * R CMD check now runs sanity checks on the use of LazyData, for
      example that a data directory is present and that
      LazyDataCompression is not specified without LazyData and has a
      documented value.  For packages with large LazyData databases
      without specifying LazyDataCompression, there is a reference to
      the code given in 'Writing R Extensions' ?1.1.6 to test the
      choice of compression (as in all the CRAN packages tested a
      non-default method was preferred).

    * R CMD build removes LazyData and LazyDataCompression fields from
      the DESCRIPTION file of packages without a data directory.

  ENCODING-RELATED CHANGES:

    * The parser now treats \Unnnnnnnn escapes larger than the upper
      limit for Unicode points (\U10FFFF) as an error as they cannot be
      represented by valid UTF-8.

      Where such escapes are used for outputting non-printable
      (including unassigned) characters, 6 hex digits are used (rather
      than 8 with leading zeros).  For clarity, braces are used, for
      example \U{0effff}.

    * The parser now looks for non-ASCII spaces on Solaris (as
      previously on most other OSes).

    * There are warnings (including from the parser) on the use of
      unpaired surrogate Unicode points such as \uD834.  (These cannot
      be converted to valid UTF-8.)

    * Functions nchar(), tolower(), toupper() and chartr() and those
      using regular expressions have more support for inputs with a
      marked Latin-1 encoding.

    * The character-classification functions used (by default) to
      replace the system iswxxxxx functions on Windows, macOS and AIX
      have been updated to Unicode 13.0.0.

      The character-width tables have been updated to include new
      assignments in Unicode 13.0.0.  This included treating all
      control characters as having zero width.

    * The code for evaluating default (extended) regular expressions
      now uses the same character-classification functions as the rest
      of R (previously they differed on Windows, macOS and AIX).

    * There is a build-time option to replace the system's
      wide-character wctrans C function by tables shipped with R: use
      configure option --with-internal-towlower or (on Windows)
      -DUSE_RI18N_CASE in CFLAGS when building R.  This may be needed
      to allow tolower() and toupper() to work with Unicode characters
      beyond the Basic Multilingual Plane where not supported by system
      functions (e.g. on Solaris where it is the new default).

    * R is more careful when truncating UTF-8 and other multi-byte
      strings that are too long to be printed, passed to the system or
      libraries or placed into an internal buffer.  Truncation will no
      longer produce incomplete multibyte characters.

  DEPRECATED AND DEFUNCT:

    * Function plclust() from the package stats and
      package.dependencies(), pkgDepends(), getDepList(),
      installFoundDepends(), and vignetteDepends() from package tools
      are defunct.

    * Defunct functions checkNEWS() and readNEWS() from package tools
      and CRAN.packages() from utils have been removed.

    * R CMD config CXXCPP is defunct (it was deprecated in R 3.6.2).

    * parallel::detectCores() drops support for Irix (retired in 2013).

    * The LINPACK argument to chol.default(), chol2inv(),
      solve.default() and svd() has been defunct since R 3.1.0.  It was
      silently ignored up to R 4.0.3 but now gives an error.

    * Subsetting/indexing, such as ddd[*] or ddd$x on a DOTSXP
      (dot-dot-dot) object ddd has been disabled; it worked by accident
      only and was undocumented.

  BUG FIXES:

    * Many more C-level allocations (mainly by malloc and strdup) are
      checked for success with suitable alternative actions.

    * Bug fix for replayPlot(); this was turning off graphics engine
      display list recording if a recorded plot was replayed in the
      same session.  The impact of the bug became visible if resize the
      device after replay OR if attempted another savePlot() after
      replay (empty display list means empty screen on resize or empty
      saved plot).

    * R CMD check etc now warn when a package exports non-existing S4
      classes or methods, also in case of no "methods" presence.
      (Reported by Alex Bertram; reproducible example and patch by
      Sebastian Meyer in PR#16662.)

    * boxplot() now also accepts calls for labels such as ylab, the
      same as plot().  (Reported by Marius Hofert.)

    * The help page for xtabs() now correctly states that addNA is
      setting na.action = na.pass among others.  (Reported as PR#17770
      by Thomas Soeiro.)

    * The R CMD check <pkg> gives a longer and more comprehensible
      message when DESCRIPTION misses dependencies, e.g., in Imports:.
      (Thanks to the contributors of PR#17179.)

    * update.default() now calls the generic update() on the formula to
      work correctly for models with extended formulas.  (As reported
      and suggested by Neal Fultz in PR#17865.)

    * The horizontal position of leaves in a dendrogram is now correct
      also with center = FALSE.  (PR#14938, patch from Sebastian
      Meyer.)

    * all.equal.POSIXt() no longer warns about and subsequently ignores
      inconsistent "tzone" attributes, but describes the difference in
      its return value (PR#17277).  This check can be disabled _via_
      the new argument check.tzone = FALSE as suggested by Sebastian
      Meyer.

    * as.POSIXct() now populates the "tzone" attribute from its tz
      argument when x is a logical vector consisting entirely of NA
      values.

    * x[[2^31]] <- v now works.  (Thanks to the report and patch by
      Suharto Anggono in PR#17330.)

    * In log-scale graphics, axis() ticks and label positions are now
      computed more carefully and symmetrically in their range,
      typically providing _more_ ticks, fulfilling wishes in PR#17936.
      The change really corresponds to an improved axisTicks() (package
      grDevices), potentially influencing grid and lattice, for
      example.

    * qnorm(<very large negative>, log.p=TRUE) is now correct to at
      least five digits where it was catastrophically wrong,
      previously.

    * sum(df) and similar "Summary"- and "Math"-group member functions
      now work for data frames df with logical columns, notably also of
      zero rows.  (Reported to R-devel by Martin "b706".)

    * unsplit() had trouble with tibbles due to unsound use of rep(NA,
      len)-indexing, which should use NA_integer_ (Reported to R-devel
      by Mario Annau.)

    * pnorm(x, log.p = TRUE) underflows to -Inf slightly later.

    * show(<hidden S4 generic>) prints better and without quotes for
      non-hidden S4 generics.

    * read.table() and relatives treated an "NA" column name as missing
      when check.names = FALSE PR#18007.

    * Parsing strings containing UTF-16 surrogate pairs such as
      "\uD834\uDD1E" works better on some (uncommon) platforms.
      sprintf("%X", utf8ToInt("\uD834\uDD1E")) should now give "1D11E"
      on all platforms.

    * identical(x,y) is no longer true for differing DOTSXP objects,
      fixing PR#18032.

    * str() now works correctly for DOTSXP and related exotics, even
      when these are doomed.

      Additionally, it no longer fails for lists with a class and
      "irregular" method definitions such that e.g. lapply(*) will
      necessarily fail, as currently for different igraph objects.

    * Message translation domains, e.g., for errors and warnings, are
      now correctly determined also when e.g., a base function is
      called from "top-level" function (i.e., defined in globalenv()),
      thanks to a patch from Joris Goosen fixing PR#17998.

    * Too long lines in environment files (e.g., Renviron) no longer
      crash R. This limit has been increased to 100,000 bytes.
      (PR#18001.)

    * There is a further workaround for FreeType giving incorrect
      italic font faces with cairo-based graphics devices on macOS.

    * add_datalist(*, force = TRUE) (from package tools) now actually
      updates an existing data/datalist file for new content.  (Thanks
      to a report and patch by Sebastian Meyer in PR#18048.)

    * cut.Date() and cut.POSIXt() could produce an empty last interval
      for breaks = "months" or breaks = "years".  (Reported as PR#18053
      by Christopher Carbone.)

    * Detection of the encoding of 'regular' macOS locales such as
      en_US (which is UTF-8) had been broken by a macOS change:
      fortunately these are now rarely used with en_US.UTF-8 being
      preferred.

    * sub() and gsub(pattern, repl, x, *) now keep attributes of x such
      as names() also when pattern is NA (PR#18079).

    * Time differences ("difftime" objects) get a replacement and a
      rep() method to keep "units" consistent.  (Thanks to a report and
      patch by Nicolas Bennett in PR#18066.)

    * The \RdOpts macro, setting defaults for \Sexpr options in an Rd
      file, had been ineffective since R 2.12.0: it now works again.
      (Thanks to a report and patch by Sebastian Meyer in PR#18073.)

    * mclapply and pvec no longer accidentally terminate parallel
      processes started before by mcparallel or related calls in
      package parallel (PR#18078).

    * grep and other functions for evaluating (extended) regular
      expressions handle in Unicode also strings not explicitly flagged
      UTF-8, but flagged native when running in UTF-8 locale.

    * Fixed a crash in fifo implementation on Windows (PR#18031).

    * Binary mode in fifo on Windows is now properly detected from
      argument open (PR#15600, PR#18031).

CHANGES IN R 4.0.5:

  BUG FIXES:

    * The change to the internal table in R 4.0.4 for iswprint has been
      reverted: it contained some errors in printability of 'East
      Asian' characters.

    * For packages using LazyData, R CMD build ignored the
      --resave-data option and the BuildResaveData field of the
      DESCRIPTION file (in R versions 4.0.0 to 4.0.4).

CHANGES IN R 4.0.4:

  NEW FEATURES:

    * File share/texmf/tex/latex/jss.cls has been updated to work with
      LaTeX versions since Oct 2020.

    * Unicode character width tables (as used by nchar(, type = "w"))
      have been updated to Unicode 12.1 by Brodie Gaslam (PR#17781),
      including many emoji.

    * The internal table for iswprint (used on Windows, macOS and AIX)
      has been updated to include many recent Unicode characters.

  INSTALLATION on a UNIX-ALIKE:

    * If an external BLAS is specified by --with-blas=foo or _via_
      environment variable BLAS_LIBS is not found, this is now a
      configuration error.  The previous behaviour was not clear from
      the documentation: it was to continue the search as if
      --with-blas=yes was specified.

  BUG FIXES:

    * all.equal(x,y) now "sees" the two different NAs in factors,
      thanks to Bill Dunlap and others in PR#17897.

    * (~ NULL)[1] and similar formula subsetting now works, thanks to a
      report and patch by Henrik Bengtsson in PR#17935.  Additionally,
      subsetting leaving an empty formula now works too, thanks to
      suggestions by Suharto Anggono.

    * .traceback(n) keeps source references again, as before R 4.0.0,
      fixing a regression; introduced by the PR#17580, reported
      including two patch proposals by Brodie Gaslam.

    * unlist(plst, recursive=FALSE) no longer drops content for
      pairlists with list components, thanks to the report and patch by
      Suharto Anggono in PR#17950.

    * iconvlist() now also works on MUSL based (Linux) systems, from a
      report and patch suggestion by Wesley Chan in PR#17970.

    * round() and signif() no longer tolerate wrong argument names,
      notably in 1-argument calls; reported by Shane Mueller on R-devel
      (mailing list); later reported as PR#17976.

    * .Machine has longdouble.* elements only if
      capabilities("long.double") is true, as documented.  (Previously
      they were included if the platform had long double identical to
      double, as ARM does.)

    * p.adjust(numeric(), n=0) now works, fixing PR#18002.

    * identical(x,y) no longer prints "Unknown Type .." for typeof(x)
      == "..." objects.

    * Fix (auto-)print()ing of named complex vectors, see PR#17868 and
      PR#18019.

    * all.equal(<language>, <...>) now works, fixing PR#18029.

    * as.data.frame.list(L, row.names=NULL) now behaves in line with
      data.frame(), disregarding names of components of L, fixing
      PR#18034, reported by Kevin Tappe.

    * checkRdaFiles(ff)$version is now correct also when ff contains
      files of different versions, thanks to a report and patch from
      Sebastian Meyer in PR#18041.

    * macOS: Quartz device live drawing could fail (no plot is shown)
      if the system changes the drawing context after view update
      (often the case since macOS Big Sur). System log may show
      "CGContextDelegateCreateForContext: invalid context" error.

CHANGES IN R 4.0.3:

  NEW FEATURES:

    * On platforms using configure option --with-internal-tzcode,
      additional values "internal" and (on macOS only) "macOS" are
      accepted for the environment variable TZDIR.  (See ?TZDIR.)

      On macOS, "macOS" is used by default if the system timezone
      database is a newer version than that in the R installation.

    * When install.packages(type = "source") fails to find a package in
      a repository it mentions package versions which are excluded by
      their R version requirement and links to hints on why a package
      might not be found.

    * The default value for options("timeout") can be set from
      environment variable R_DEFAULT_INTERNET_TIMEOUT, still defaulting
      to 60 (seconds) if that is not set or invalid.

      This may be needed when child R processes are doing downloads,
      for example during the installation of source packages which
      download jars or other forms of data.

  LINK-TIME OPTIMIZATION on a UNIX-ALIKE:

    * There is now support for parallelized Link-Time Optimization
      (LTO) with GCC and for 'thin' LTO with clang _via_ setting the
      LTO macro.

    * There is support for setting a different LTO flag for the Fortran
      compiler, including to empty when mixing clang and gfortran (as
      on macOS).  See file config.site.

    * There is a new LTO_LD macro to set linker options for LTO
      compilation, for example to select an alternative linker or to
      parallelize thin LTO.

  DEPRECATED AND DEFUNCT:

    * The LINPACK argument to chol.default(), chol2inv(),
      solve.default() and svd() has been defunct since R 3.1.0.  Using
      it now gives a warning which will become an error in R 4.1.0.

  BUG FIXES:

    * The code mitigating stack overflow with PCRE regexps on very long
      strings is enabled for PCRE2 < 10.30 also when JIT is enabled,
      since stack overflows have been seen in that case.

    * Fix to correctly show the group labels in dotchart() (which where
      lost in the ylab improvement for R 4.0.0).

    * addmargins(*, ..) now also works when fn() is a local function,
      thanks to bug report and patch PR#17124 from Alex Bertram.

    * rank(x) and hence sort(x) now work when x is an object (as per
      is.object(x)) of type "raw" _and_ provides a valid `[` method,
      e.g., for gmp::as.bigz(.) numbers.

    * chisq.test(*, simulate.p.value=TRUE) and r2dtable() now work
      correctly for large table entries (in the millions).  Reported by
      Sebastian Meyer and investigated by more helpers in PR#16184.

    * Low-level socket read/write operations have been fixed to
      correctly signal communication errors. Previously, such errors
      could lead to a segfault due to invalid memory access. Reported
      and debugged by Dmitriy Selivanov in PR#17850.

    * quantile(x, pr) works more consistently for pr values slightly
      outside [0,1], thanks to Suharto Anggono's PR#17891.

      Further, quantile(x, prN, names=FALSE) now works even when prN
      contains NAs, thanks to Anggono's PR#17892.  Ditto for ordered
      factors or Date objects when type = 1 or 3, thanks to PR#17899.

    * Libcurl-based internet access, including curlGetHeaders(), was
      not respecting the "timeout" option.  If this causes
      unanticipated timeouts, consider increasing the default by
      setting R_DEFAULT_INTERNET_TIMEOUT.

    * as.Date(<char>) now also works with an initial "", thanks to
      Michael Chirico's PR#17909.

    * isS3stdGeneric(f) now detects an S3 generic also when it is
      trace()d, thanks to Gabe Becker's PR#17917.

    * R_allocLD() has been fixed to return memory aligned for long
      double type PR#16534.

    * fisher.test() no longer segfaults when called again after its
      internal stack has been exceeded PR#17904.

    * Accessing a long vector represented by a compact integer sequence
      no longer segfaults (reported and debugged by Hugh Parsonage).

    * duplicated() now works also for strings with multiple encodings
      inside a single vector PR#17809.

    * phyper(11, 15, 0, 12, log.p=TRUE) no longer gives NaN; reported
      as PR#17271 by Alexey Stukalov.

    * Fix incorrect calculation in logLik.nls() PR#16100, patch from
      Sebastian Meyer.

    * A very old bug could cause a segfault in model.matrix() when
      terms involved logical variables.  Part of PR#17879.

    * model.frame.default() allowed data = 1, leading to involuntary
      variable capture (rest of PR#17879).

    * tar() no longer skips non-directory files, thanks to a patch by
      Sebastian Meyer, fixing the remaining part of PR#16716.

CHANGES IN R 4.0.2:

  UTILITIES:

    * R CMD check skips vignette re-building (with a warning) if the
      VignetteBuilder package(s) are not available.

  BUG FIXES:

    * Paths with non-ASCII characters caused problems for package
      loading on Windows PR#17833.

    * Using tcltk widgets no longer crashes R on Windows.

    * source(*, echo=TRUE) no longer fails in some cases with empty
      lines; reported by Bill Dunlap in PR#17769.

    * on.exit() now correctly matches named arguments, thanks to
      PR#17815 (including patch) by Brodie Gaslam.

    * regexpr(*, perl=TRUE) no longer returns incorrect positions into
      text containing characters outside of the Unicode Basic
      Multilingual Plane on Windows.

CHANGES IN R 4.0.1:

  NEW FEATURES:

    * paste() and paste0() gain a new optional argument recycle0.  When
      set to true, zero-length arguments are recycled leading to
      character(0) after the sep-concatenation, i.e., to the empty
      string "" if collapse is a string and to the zero-length value
      character(0) when collapse = NULL.

      A package whose code uses this should depend on R (>= 4.0.1).

    * The summary(<warnings>) method now maps the counts correctly to
      the warning messages.

  BUG FIXES:

    * aov(frml, ...) now also works where the formula deparses to more
      than 500 characters, thanks to a report and patch proposal by Jan
      Hauffa.

    * Fix a dozen places (code, examples) as Sys.setlocale() returns
      the new rather than the previous setting.

    * Fix for adding two complex grid units via sum().  Thanks to Gu
      Zuguang for the report and Thomas Lin Pedersen for the patch.

    * Fix parallel::mclapply(..., mc.preschedule=FALSE) to handle raw
      vector results correctly. PR#17779

    * Computing the base value, i.e., 2, "everywhere", now uses
      FLT_RADIX, as the original machar code looped indefinitely on the
      ppc64 architecture for the longdouble case.

    * In R 4.0.0, sort.list(x) when is.object(x) was true, e.g., for x
      <- I(letters), was accidentally using method = "radix".
      Consequently, e.g., merge(<data.frame>) was much slower than
      previously; reported in PR#17794.

    * plot(y ~ x, ylab = quote(y[i])) now works, as e.g., for xlab;
      related to PR#10525.

    * parallel::detect.cores(all.tests = TRUE) tries a matching OS name
      before the other tests (which were intended only for unknown
      OSes).

    * Parse data for raw strings is now recorded correctly. Reported by
      Gabor Csardi.

CHANGES IN R 4.0.0:

  SIGNIFICANT USER-VISIBLE CHANGES:

    * Packages need to be (re-)installed under this version (4.0.0) of
      R.

    * matrix objects now also inherit from class "array", so e.g.,
      class(diag(1)) is c("matrix", "array").  This invalidates code
      incorrectly assuming that class(matrix_obj)) has length one.

      S3 methods for class "array" are now dispatched for matrix
      objects.

    * There is a new syntax for specifying _raw_ character constants
      similar to the one used in C++: r"(...)" with ... any character
      sequence not containing the sequence )".  This makes it easier to
      write strings that contain backslashes or both single and double
      quotes.  For more details see ?Quotes.

    * R now uses a stringsAsFactors = FALSE default, and hence by
      default no longer converts strings to factors in calls to
      data.frame() and read.table().

      A large number of packages relied on the previous behaviour and
      so have needed/will need updating.

    * The plot() S3 generic function is now in package base rather than
      package graphics, as it is reasonable to have methods that do not
      use the graphics package.  The generic is currently re-exported
      from the graphics namespace to allow packages importing it from
      there to continue working, but this may change in future.

      Packages which define S4 generics for plot() should be
      re-installed and package code using such generics from other
      packages needs to ensure that they are imported rather than rely
      on their being looked for on the search path (as in a namespace,
      the base namespace has precedence over the search path).

  REFERENCE COUNTING:

    * Reference counting is now used instead of the NAMED mechanism for
      determining when objects can be safely mutated in base C code.
      This reduces the need for copying in some cases and should allow
      further optimizations in the future.  It should help make the
      internal code easier to maintain.

      This change is expected to have almost no impact on packages
      using supported coding practices in their C/C++ code.

  MIGRATION TO PCRE2:

    * This version of R is built against the PCRE2 library for
      Perl-like regular expressions, if available.  (On non-Windows
      platforms PCRE1 can optionally be used if PCRE2 is not available
      at build time.)  The version of PCRE in use can be obtained _via_
      extSoftVersion(): PCRE1 (formerly known as 'PCRE') has versions
      <= 8, PCRE2 versions >= 10.

    * Making PCRE2 available when building R from source is strongly
      recommended (preferably version 10.30 or later) as PCRE1 is no
      longer developed: version 8.44 is 'likely to be the final
      release'.

    * PCRE2 reports errors for some regular expressions that were
      accepted by PCRE1.  A hyphen now has to be escaped in a character
      class to be interpreted as a literal (unless first or last in the
      class definition).  \R, \B and \X are no longer allowed in
      character classes (PCRE1 treated these as literals).

    * Option PCRE_study is no longer used with PCRE2, and is reported
      as FALSE when that is in use.

  NEW FEATURES:

    * assertError() and assertWarning() (in package tools) can now
      check for _specific_ error or warning classes _via_ the new
      optional second argument classes (which is not back compatible
      with previous use of an unnamed second argument).

    * DF2formula(), the utility for the data frame method of formula(),
      now works without parsing and explicit evaluation, starting from
      Suharto Anggono's suggestion in PR#17555.

    * approxfun() and approx() gain a new argument na.rm defaulting to
      true.  If set to false, missing y values now propagate into the
      interpolated values.

    * Long vectors are now supported as the seq argument of a for()
      loop.

    * str(x) gets a new deparse.lines option with a default to speed it
      up when x is a large call object.

    * The internal traceback object produced when an error is signalled
      (.Traceback), now contains the calls rather than the _deparse()d_
      calls, deferring the deparsing to the user-level functions
      .traceback() and traceback().  This fulfils the wish of PR#17580,
      reported including two patch proposals by Brodie Gaslam.

    * data.matrix() now converts character columns to factors and from
      this to integers.

    * package.skeleton() now explicitly lists all exports in the
      NAMESPACE file.

    * New function .S3method() to register S3 methods in R scripts.

    * file.path() has some support for file paths not in the session
      encoding, e.g. with UTF-8 inputs in a non-UTF-8 locale the output
      is marked as UTF-8.

    * Most functions with file-path inputs will give an explicit error
      if a file-path input in a marked encoding cannot be translated
      (to the native encoding or in some cases on Windows to UTF-8),
      rather than translate to a different file path using escapes.
      Some (such as dir.exists(), file.exists(), file.access(),
      file.info(), list.files(), normalizePath() and path.expand())
      treat this like any other non-existent file, often with a
      warning.

    * There is a new help document accessed by help("file path
      encoding") detailing how file paths with marked encodings are
      handled.

    * New function list2DF() for creating data frames from lists of
      variables.

    * iconv() has a new option sub = "Unicode" to translate UTF-8 input
      invalid in the to encoding using <U+xxxx> escapes.

    * There is a new function infoRDS() providing information about the
      serialization format of a serialized object.

    * S3 method lookup now by default skips the elements of the search
      path between the global and base environments.

    * Added an argument add_datalist(*, small.size = 0) to allow the
      creation of a data/datalist file even when the total size of the
      data sets is small.

    * The backquote function bquote() has a new argument splice to
      enable splicing a computed list of values into an expression,
      like ,@ in LISP's backquote.

    * The formula interface to t.test() and wilcox.test() has been
      extended to handle one-sample and paired tests.

    * The palette() function has a new default set of colours (which
      are less saturated and have better accessibility properties).
      There are also some new built-in palettes, which are listed by
      the new palette.pals() function.  These include the old default
      palette under the name "R3". Finally, the new palette.colors()
      function allows a subset of colours to be selected from any of
      the built-in palettes.

    * n2mfrow() gains an option asp = 1 to specify the aspect ratio,
      fulfilling the wish and extending the proposal of Michael Chirico
      in PR#17648.

    * For head(x, n) and tail() the default and other S3 methods
      notably for _vector_ n, e.g. to get a "corner" of a matrix, has
      been extended to array's of higher dimension thanks to the patch
      proposal by Gabe Becker in PR#17652.  Consequently, optional
      argument addrownums is deprecated and replaced by the (more
      general) argument keepnums.  An invalid second argument n now
      leads to typically more easily readable error messages.

    * New function .class2() provides the full character vector of
      class names used for S3 method dispatch.

    * Printing methods(..) now uses a new format() method.

    * sort.list(x) now works for non-atomic objects x and method =
      "auto" (the default) or "radix" in cases order(x) works,
      typically via a xtfrm() method.

    * Where they are available, writeBin() allows long vectors.

    * New function deparse1() produces one string, wrapping deparse(),
      to be used typically in deparse1(substitute(*)), e.g., to fix
      PR#17671.

    * wilcox.test() enhancements: In the (non-paired) two-sample case,
      Inf values are treated as very large for robustness consistency.
      If exact computations are used, the result now has "exact" in the
      method element of its return value.  New arguments tol.root and
      digits.rank where the latter may be used for stability to treat
      very close numbers as ties.

    * readBin() and writeBin() now report an error for an invalid
      endian value.  The affected code needs to be fixed with care as
      the old undocumented behavior was to swap endian-ness in such
      cases.

    * sequence() is now an S3 generic with an internally implemented
      default method, and gains arguments to generate more complex
      sequences.  Based on code from the S4Vectors Bioconductor package
      and the advice of Herve Pages.

    * print()'s default method and many other methods (by calling the
      default eventually and passing ...) now make use of a new
      optional width argument, avoiding the need for the user to set
      and reset options("width").

    * memDecompress() supports the RFC 1952 format (e.g. in-memory
      copies of gzip-compressed files) as well as RFC 1950.

    * memCompress() and memDecompress() support long raw vectors for
      types "gzip" and "zx".

    * sweep() and slice.index() can now use names of dimnames for their
      MARGIN argument (apply has had this for almost a decade).

    * New function proportions() and marginSums(). These should replace
      the unfortunately named prop.table() and margin.table(). They are
      drop-in replacements, but also add named-margin functionality.
      The old function names are retained as aliases for
      back-compatibility.

    * Functions rbinom(), rgeom(), rhyper(), rpois(), rnbinom(),
      rsignrank() and rwilcox() which have returned integer since R
      3.0.0 and hence NA when the numbers would have been outside the
      integer range, now return double vectors (without NAs, typically)
      in these cases.

    * matplot(x,y) (and hence matlines() and matpoints()) now call the
      corresponding methods of plot() and lines(), e.g, when x is a
      "Date" or "POSIXct" object; prompted by Spencer Graves'
      suggestion.

    * stopifnot() now allows customizing error messages via argument
      names, thanks to a patch proposal by Neal Fultz in PR#17688.

    * unlink() gains a new argument expand to disable wildcard and
      tilde expansion.  Elements of x of value "~" are now ignored.

    * mle() in the stats4 package has had its interface extended so
      that arguments to the negative log-likelihood function can be one
      or more vectors, with similar conventions applying to bounds,
      start values, and parameter values to be kept fixed.  This
      required a minor extension to class "mle", so saved objects from
      earlier versions may need to be recomputed.

    * The default for pdf() is now useDingbats = FALSE.

    * The default fill colour for hist() and boxplot() is now col =
      "lightgray".

    * The default order of the levels on the y-axis for spineplot() and
      cdplot() has been reversed.

    * If the R_ALWAYS_INSTALL_TESTS environment variable is set to a
      true value, R CMD INSTALL behaves as if the --install-tests
      option is always specified. Thanks to Reinhold Koch for the
      suggestion.

    * New function R_user_dir() in package tools suggests paths
      appropriate for storing R-related user-specific data,
      configuration and cache files.

    * capabilities() gains a new logical option Xchk to avoid warnings
      about X11-related capabilities.

    * The internal implementation of grid units has changed, but the
      only visible effects at user-level should be

        * a slightly different print format for some units (especially
          unit arithmetic),

        * faster performance (for unit operations) and

        * two new functions unitType() and unit.psum().

      Based on code contributed by Thomas Lin Pedersen.

    * When internal dispatch for rep.int() and rep_len() fails, there
      is an attempt to dispatch on the equivalent call to rep().

    * Object .Machine now contains new longdouble.* entries (when R
      uses long doubles internally).

    * news() has been enhanced to cover the news on R 3.x and 2.x.

    * For consistency, N <- NULL; N[[1]] <- val now turns N into a list
      also when val) has length one.  This enables dimnames(r1)[[1]] <-
      "R1" for a 1-row matrix r1, fixing PR#17719 reported by Serguei
      Sokol.

    * deparse(..), dump(..), and dput(x, control = "all") now include
      control option "digits17" which typically ensures 1:1
      invertibility.  New option control = "exact" ensures numeric
      exact invertibility via "hexNumeric".

    * When loading data sets via read.table(), data() now uses
      LC_COLLATE=C to ensure locale-independent results for possible
      string-to-factor conversions.

    * A server socket connection, a new connection type representing a
      listening server socket, is created via serverSocket() and can
      accept multiple socket connections via socketAccept().

    * New function socketTimeout() changes the connection timeout of a
      socket connection.

    * The time needed to start a homogeneous PSOCK cluster on localhost
      with many nodes has been significantly reduced (package
      parallel).

    * New globalCallingHandlers() function to establish global
      condition handlers.  This allows registering default handlers for
      specific condition classes. Developed in collaboration with
      Lionel Henry.

    * New function tryInvokeRestart() to invoke a specified restart if
      one is available and return without signaling an error if no such
      restart is found.  Contributed by Lionel Henry in PR#17598.

    * str(x) now shows the length of attributes in some cases for a
      data frame x.

    * Rprof() gains a new argument filter.callframes to request that
      intervening call frames due to lazy evaluation or explicit eval()
      calls be omitted from the recorded profile data.  Contributed by
      Lionel Henry in PR#17595.

    * The handling of ${FOO-bar} and ${FOO:-bar} in Renviron files now
      follows POSIX shells (at least on a Unix-alike), so the first
      treats empty environment variables as set and the second does
      not.  Previously both ignored empty variables.  There are several
      uses of the first form in etc/Renviron.

    * New classes argument for suppressWarnings() and
      suppressMessages() to selectively suppress only warnings or
      messages that inherit from particular classes.  Based on patch
      from Lionel Henry submitted with PR#17619.

    * New function activeBindingFunction() retrieves the function of an
      active binding.

    * New "cairoFT" and "pango" components in the output of
      grSoftVersion().

    * New argument symbolfamily in cairo-based graphics devices and new
      function cairoSymbolFont() that can be used to provide the value
      for that argument.

  Windows:

    * Rterm now works also when invoked from MSYS2 terminals.  Line
      editing is possible when command winpty is installed.

    * normalizePath() now resolves symbolic links and normalizes case
      of long names of path elements in case-insensitive folders
      (PR#17165).

    * md5sum() supports UTF-8 file names with characters that cannot be
      translated to the native encoding (PR#17633).

    * Rterm gains a new option --workspace to specify the workspace to
      be restored.  This allows equals to be part of the name when
      opening _via_ Windows file associations (reported by Christian
      Asseburg).

    * Rterm now accepts ALT+xxx sequences also with NumLock on.  Tilde
      can be pasted with an Italian keyboard (PR#17679).

    * R falls back to copying when junction creation fails during
      package checking (patch from Duncan Murdoch).

  DEPRECATED AND DEFUNCT:

    * Make macro F77_VISIBILITY has been removed and replaced by
      F_VISIBILITY.

    * Make macros F77, FCPIFCPLAGS and SHLIB_OPENMP_FCFLAGS have been
      removed and replaced by FC, FPICFLAGS and SHLIB_OPENMP_FFLAGS
      respectively.  (Most make programs will set F77 to the value of
      FC, which is set for package compilation.  But portable code
      should not rely on this.)

    * The deprecated support for specifying C++98 for package
      installation has been removed.

    * R CMD config no longer knows about the unused settings F77 and
      FCPIFCPLAGS, nor CXX98 and similar.

    * Either PCRE2 or PCRE1 >= 8.32 (Nov 2012) is required: the
      deprecated provision for 8.20-8.31 has been removed.

    * Defunct functions mem.limits(), .readRDS(), .saveRDS(),
      .find.package(), and .path.package() from package base and
      allGenerics(), getAccess(), getAllMethods(), getClassName(),
      getClassPackage(), getExtends(), getProperties(), getPrototype(),
      getSubclasses(), getVirtual(), mlistMetaName(),
      removeMethodsObject(), seemsS4Object(), traceOff(), and traceOn()
      from methods have been removed.

  C-LEVEL FACILITIES:

    * installChar is now remapped in Rinternals.h to installTrChar, of
      which it has been a wrapper since R 3.6.0.  Neither are part of
      the API, but packages using installChar can replace it if they
      depend on R >= 3.6.2.

    * Header R_ext/Print.h defines R_USE_C99_IN_CXX and hence exposes
      Rvprintf and REvprintf if used with a C++11 (or later) compiler.

    * There are new Fortran subroutines dblepr1, realpr1 and intpr1 to
      print a scalar variable (gfortran 10 enforces the distinction
      between scalars and length-one arrays).  Also labelpr to print
      just a label.

    * R_withCallingErrorHandler is now available for establishing a
      calling handler in C code for conditions inheriting from class
      error.

  INSTALLATION on a UNIX-ALIKE:

    * User-set DEFS (e.g., in config.site) is now used for compiling
      packages (including base packages).

    * There is a new variant option --enable-lto=check for checking
      consistency of BLAS/LAPACK/LINPACK calls - see 'Writing R
      Extensions'.

    * A C++ compiler default is set only if the C++11 standard is
      supported: it no longer falls back to C++98.

    * PCRE2 is used if available.  To make use of PCRE1 if PCRE2 is
      unavailable, configure with option --with-pcre1.

    * The minimum required version of libcurl is now 7.28.0 (Oct 2012).

    * New make target distcheck checks

        * R can be rebuilt from the tarball created by make dist,

        * the build from the tarball passes make check-all,

        * the build installs and uninstalls,

        * the source files are properly cleaned by make distclean.

  UTILITIES:

    * R --help now mentions the option --no-echo (renamed from --slave)
      and its previously undocumented short form -s.

    * R CMD check now optionally checks configure and cleanup scripts
      for non-Bourne-shell code ('bashisms').

    * R CMD check --as-cran now runs \donttest examples (which are run
      by example()) instead of instructing the tester to do so.  This
      can be temporarily circumvented during development by setting
      environment variable _R_CHECK_DONTTEST_EXAMPLES_ to a false
      value.

  PACKAGE INSTALLATION:

    * There is the beginnings of support for the recently approved
      C++20 standard, specified analogously to C++14 and C++17.  There
      is currently only limited support for this in compilers, with
      flags such as -std=c++20 and -std=c++2a.  For the time being the
      configure test is of accepting one of these flags and compiling
      C++17 code.

  BUG FIXES:

    * formula(x) with length(x) > 1 character vectors, is deprecated
      now.  Such use has been rare, and has 'worked' as expected in
      some cases only.  In other cases, wrong x have silently been
      truncated, not detecting previous errors.

    * Long-standing issue where the X11 device could lose events
      shortly after startup has been addressed (PR#16702).

    * The data.frame method for rbind() no longer drops <NA> levels
      from factor columns by default (PR#17562).

    * available.packages() and hence install.packages() now pass their
      ... argument to download.file(), fulfilling the wish of PR#17532;
      subsequently, available.packages() gets new argument quiet,
      solving PR#17573.

    * stopifnot() gets new argument exprObject to allow an R object of
      class expression (or other 'language') to work more consistently,
      thanks to suggestions by Suharto Anggono.

    * conformMethod() now works correctly in cases containing a "&&
      logic" bug, reported by Henrik Bengtsson.  It now creates methods
      with "missing" entries in the signature.  Consequently,
      rematchDefinition() is amended to use appropriate .local() calls
      with named arguments where needed.

    * format.default(*, scientific = FALSE) now corresponds to a
      practically most extreme options(scipen = n) setting rather than
      arbitrary n = 100.

    * format(as.symbol("foo")) now works (returning "foo").

    * postscript(.., title = *) now signals an error when the title
      string contains a character which would produce corrupt
      PostScript, thanks to PR#17607 by Daisuko Ogawa.

    * Certain Ops (notably comparison such as ==) now also work for
      0-length data frames, after reports by Hilmar Berger.

    * methods(class = class(glm(..))) now warns more usefully and only
      once.

    * write.dcf() no longer mangles field names (PR#17589).

    * Primitive replacement functions no longer mutate a referenced
      first argument when used outside of a complex assignment context.

    * A better error message for contour(*, levels = Inf).

    * The return value of contourLines() is no longer invisible().

    * The Fortran code for calculating the coefficients component in
      lm.influence() was very inefficient. It has (for now) been
      replaced with much faster R code (PR#17624).

    * cm.colors(n) _etc_ no longer append the code for alpha = 1, "FF",
      to all colors.  Hence all eight *.colors() functions and
      rainbow() behave consistently and have the same non-explicit
      default (PR#17659).

    * dnorm had a problematic corner case with sd == -Inf or negative
      sd which was not flagged as an error in all cases. Thanks to
      Stephen D. Weigand for reporting and Wang Jiefei for analyzing
      this; similar change has been made in dlnorm().

    * The optional iter.smooth argument of plot.lm(), (the plot()
      method for lm and glm fits) now defaults to 0 for all glm fits.
      Especially for binary observations with high or low fitted
      probabilities, this effectively deleted all observations of 1 or
      0.  Also, the type of residuals used in the glm case has been
      switched to "pearson" since deviance residuals do not in general
      have approximately zero mean.

    * In plot.lm, Cook's distance was computed from unweighted
      residuals, leading to inconsistencies.  Replaced with usual
      weighted version. (PR#16056)

    * Time-series ts(*, start, end, frequency) with fractional
      frequency are supported more consistently; thanks to a report
      from Johann Kleinbub and analysis and patch by Duncan Murdoch in
      PR#17669.

    * In case of errors mcmapply() now preserves attributes of returned
      "try-error" objects and avoids simplification, overriding
      SIMPLIFY to FALSE. (PR#17653)

    * as.difftime() gets new optional tz = "UTC" argument which should
      fix behaviour during daylight-savings-changeover days, fixing
      PR#16764, thanks to proposals and analysis by Johannes Ranke and
      Kirill Muller.

    * round() does a better job of rounding _"to nearest"_ by
      _measuring_ and _"to even"_; thanks to a careful algorithm
      originally prompted by the report from Adam Wheeler and then
      others, in PR#17668.
      round(x, dig) for _negative_ digits is much more rational now,
      notably for large |dig|.

    * Inheritance information on S4 classes is maintained more
      consistently, particularly in the case of class unions (in part
      due to PR#17596 and a report from Ezra Tucker).

    * is() behaves more robustly when its argument class2 is a
      classRepresentation object.

    * The warning message when attempting to export an nonexistent
      class is now more readable; thanks to Thierry Onkelinx for
      recognizing the problem.

    * choose() misbehaved in corner cases where it switched n - k for k
      and n was only _nearly_ integer (report from Erik Scott Wright).

    * mle() in the stats4 package had problems combining use of box
      constraints and fixed starting values (in particular, confidence
      intervals were affected).

    * Operator ? now has lower precedence than = to work as documented,
      so = behaves like <- in help expressions (PR#16710).

    * smoothEnds(x) now returns integer type in _both_ cases when x is
      integer, thanks to a report and proposal by Bill Dunlap PR#17693.

    * The methods package does a better job of tracking inheritance
      relationships across packages.

    * norm(diag(c(1, NA)), "2") now works.

    * subset() had problems with 0-col dataframes (reported by Bill
      Dunlap, PR#17721).

    * Several cases of integer overflow detected by the 'undefined
      behaviour sanitizer' of clang 10 have been circumvented.  One in
      rhyper() may change the generated value for large input values.

    * dotchart() now places the y-axis label (ylab) much better, not
      overplotting labels, thanks to a report and suggestion by Alexey
      Shipunov.

    * A rare C-level array overflow in chull() has been worked around.

    * Some invalid specifications of the day-of-the-year (_via_ %j,
      e.g. day 366 in 2017) or week plus day-of-the-week are now
      detected by strptime().  They now return NA but give a warning as
      they may have given random results or corrupted memory in earlier
      versions of R.

    * socketConnection(server = FALSE) now respects the connection
      timeout also on Linux.

    * socketConnection(server = FALSE) no longer leaks a connection
      that is available right away without waiting (e.g. on localhost).

    * Socket connections are now robust against spurious readability
      and spurious availability of an incoming connection.

    * blocking = FALSE is now respected also on the server side of a
      socket connection, allowing non-blocking read operations.

    * anova.glm() and anova.glmlist() computed incorrect score (Rao)
      tests in no-intercept cases. (Andre Gillibert, PR#17735)

    * summaryRprof() now should work correctly for the Rprof(*,
      memory.profiling=TRUE) case with small chunk size (and "tseries"
      or similar) thanks to a patch proposal by Benjamin Tyner, in
      PR#15886.

    * xgettext() ignores strings passed to ngettext(), since the latter
      is handled by xngettext(). Thanks to Daniele Medri for the report
      and all the recent work he has done on the Italian translations.

    * data(package = "P") for P in base and stats no longer reports the
      data sets from package datasets (which it did for back
      compatibility for 16 years), fixing PR#17730.

    * x[[Inf]] (returning NULL) no longer leads to undefined behavior,
      thanks to a report by Kirill Muller in PR#17756.  Further,
      x[[-Inf]] and x[[-n]] now give more helpful error messages.

    * Gamma() family sometimes had trouble storing link name PR#15891

  BUG FIXES (Windows):

    * Sys.glob() now supports all characters from the Unicode Basic
      Multilingual Plane, no longer corrupting some (less commonly
      used) characters (PR#17638).

    * Rterm now correctly displays multi-byte-coded characters
      representable in the current native encoding (at least on Windows
      10 they were sometimes omitted, PR#17632).

    * scan() issues with UTF-8 data when running in a DBCS locale have
      been resolved (PR#16520, PR#16584).

    * Rterm now accepts enhanced/arrow keys also with ConPTY.

    * R can now be started _via_ the launcher icon in a user documents
      directory whose path is not representable in the system encoding.

    * socketConnection(server = FALSE) now returns instantly also on
      Windows when connection failure is signalled.

    * Problems with UTF-16 surrogate pairs have been fixed in several
      functions, including tolower() and toupper() (PR#17645).

CHANGES in previous versions:

  * Older news can be found in text format in files NEWS.0, NEWS.1,
    NEWS.2 and NEWS.3 in the doc directory.  News in HTML format for R
    versions 3.x and from 2.10.0 to 2.15.3 are available at
    doc/html/NEWS.3.html and doc/html/NEWS.2.html.

